Cochrane PEC领域从2012年1月到2023年6收集了院前和急诊医学的系统评价 :

Status	Stage
New Updated	Protocol Review

• A breathing intervention for shortness of breath due to heart failure
• A comparison of a local anaesthetic injection below the collarbone with other injection techniques for providing anaesthesia of the lower arm
• A gentler form of mechanical breathing for people affected by severe lung failure
• A single beta lactam antibiotic versus a beta lactam-aminoglycoside combination for patients with severe infection
• A spray containing ipratropium bromide administered into the nose to treat common cold symptoms
• Accuracy of prehospital stroke scales to identify people with stroke or transient ischemic attack (TIA)
• Acetaminophen (also called paracetamol) for the common cold in adults
• Acetylcysteine and carbocysteine to treat acute upper and lower respiratory tract infections in children without chronic broncho-pulmonary disease
• Active compression-decompression using a hand-held device for emergency heart massage
• Acupuncture for acute management and rehabilitation of traumatic brain injury
• Acupuncture for acute stroke
• Acupuncture for sudden-onset ankle sprains in adults
• Addition of intravenous beta2-agonists to inhaled beta2-agonists for acute asthma
• Adenosine versus intravenous calcium channel antagonists for tachycardia in adults
• Adjustment of antimicrobial agents for adults with sepsis, severe sepsis or septic shock
• Administering antimalarial drugs to prevent malaria in infants
• Adrenaline and vasopressin for cardiac arrest
• Adrenaline auto-injectors for the treatment of anaphylaxis in the community
• Adult patient access to electronic health records
• Advanced training in trauma life support for ambulance crews
• Advanced training in trauma life support for hospital staff
• Airway clearance techniques for chronic obstructive pulmonary disease
• Airway clearance techniques in bronchiectasis
• Alcohol has a biphasic effect on blood pressure and increases heart rate
• Alginate dressings for healing foot ulcers in people with diabetes mellitus
• Alpha-blockers for ureteral stones in adult patients with symptoms of stone disease
• Alternating and combined antipyretics for treatment of fever in children
• Alternative dosing strategies for intravenous antibiotics to treat severe infections
• Alternative or additional agents to platelet transfusions to prevent bleeding in people with blood cancers receiving intensive treatment
• Amantadine and rimantadine to prevent and treat influenza A in children and the elderly
• Aminophylline for cardiac arrest
• Anaesthesia or analgesia during the manual removal of a retained placenta
• Anaesthetic drugs for cardioversion
• Anti-D administration after spontaneous miscarriage for preventing Rhesus alloimmunisation
• Anti-inflammatory drugs for acute low back pain
• Anti-leukotriene agents compared to inhaled corticosteroids for people with asthma
• Antiarrhythmics for maintaining sinus rhythm (normal heartbeat) after reversing atrial fibrillation (correcting an irregular heartbeat)
• Antibiotic drugs for treating skin and soft tissue infections
• Antibiotic prophylaxis for short-term catheter bladder drainage in adults
• Antibiotic therapy for Clostridium difficile-associated diarrhoea in adults
• Antibiotic therapy for preventing infections in people with acute stroke
• Antibiotic therapy for the treatment of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA)-infected or colonised non surgical wounds
• Antibiotic treatment for asymptomatic bacteriuria
• Antibiotic treatment for people with acute bronchitis
• Antibiotic treatment for spontaneous bacterial peritonitis in people with advanced liver disease
• Antibiotic treatment for Stenotrophomonas maltophilia in people with cystic fibrosis
• Antibiotic use for severe toothache (irreversible pulpitis)
• Antibiotics at the time of removal of a central line to reduce complications in newborn infants
• Antibiotics for acute middle ear infection (acute otitis media) in children
• Antibiotics for adults and children with sore throats
• Antibiotics for bronchiolitis in children under two years of age
• Antibiotics for common respiratory infections with unclear causes and undifferentiated symptoms in children up to five years of age
• Antibiotics for community-acquired pneumonia in adolescent and adult outpatients
• Antibiotics for covert bacteriuria in children
• Antibiotics for injuries to the abdomen that break through the skin: which antibiotics are effective, and for how long should they be taken?
• Antibiotics for lower urinary tract infection in children
• Antibiotics for mastitis in breastfeeding women
• Antibiotics for non-typhoidal Salmonella diarrhoea
• Antibiotics for otitis media with effusion ('glue ear') in children
• Antibiotics for persistent cough or wheeze following acute bronchiolitis in children
• Antibiotics for preventing meningococcal infections
• Antibiotics for rupture of membranes when a pregnant women is at or near term but not in labour
• Antibiotics for sinus infection of short duration in adults
• Antibiotics for the common cold, an infection of the upper respiratory tract
• Antibiotics for the treatment of leptospirosis
• Antibiotics for treating acute chest syndrome in people with sickle cell disease
• Antibiotics for treating bacterial vaginosis in pregnancy
• Antibiotics for treating cholera
• Antibiotics for treating human brucellosis
• Antibiotics for treating osteomyelitis in people with sickle cell disease
• Antibiotics for treating pneumonia caught outside of hospital or care homes in people with sickle cell disease
• Antibiotics for uncomplicated diverticulitis
• Antibiotics to prevent bacterial infections due to chemotherapy in cancer patients with a low white blood cell count and no fever
• Antibiotics to prevent burn wounds becoming infected
• Antibiotics to prevent infection of the brain coverings (meningitis) in patients with basilar skull fracture
• Antibiotics to treat adults with acute laryngitis
• Antibiotics to treat foot infections in people with diabetes
• Antibiotics to treat respiratory infections caused by the bacteria Mycoplasma pneumoniae in children
• Antibiotics to treat suspected cases meningitis due to infection with meningococcus before confirmation of diagnosis
• Anticholinergic therapy for acute asthma in children
• Anticoagulant treatment for subsegmental pulmonary embolism
• Anticonvulsant therapy for status epilepticus
• Antidepressants for agitation and psychosis in dementia
• Antiepileptic drugs for the primary and secondary prevention of seizures after subarachnoid haemorrhage
• Antiepileptic drugs for the primary and secondary prevention of seizures in viral encephalitis
• Antiepileptic drugs versus no treatment or placebo for children with benign epilepsy with centro temporal spikes
• Antifibrinolytic amino acids for upper gastrointestinal bleeding in people with acute or chronic liver disease
• Antifibrinolytic drugs to treat heavy bleeding after childbirth
• Antifibrinolytic therapy to reduce haemoptysis
• Antifibrinolytics (such as tranexamic acid) for treatment of heavy menstrual bleeding
• Antifibrinolytics (tranexamic acid and epsilon-aminocaproic acid) to prevent bleeding in people with low platelets due to bone marrow failure
• Antihistamines for the common cold
• Antihistamines to prevent and treat motion sickness
• Antiplatelet agents and anticoagulants for high blood pressure (hypertension)
• Antiplatelet agents for preventing pre-eclampsia and its complications
• Antiplatelet versus anticoagulation treatment for patients with heart failure in sinus rhythm
• Antipsychotic drugs for elderly people with late-onset schizophrenia
• Antipyretic measures for treating fever in malaria
• Antiretroviral pre-exposure prophylaxis (PrEP) for preventing HIV in high-risk individuals
• Antiseptics for Burns
• Antispasmodics for labour
• Antithrombin III for critically ill patients
• Antiviral drugs for sudden hearing loss (without known cause)
• Antiviral medication for the treatment of infectious mononucleosis (glandular fever)
• Antiviral treatment for Bell's palsy
• Approaches to guiding oxygen therapy in adult intensive care patients with acute respiratory distress syndrome
• Are anti-blood clotting drugs beneficial for people with chronic kidney disease?
• Are antibiotics a safe and effective additional treatment for asthma exacerbations?
• Are antibiotics an effective treatment for COVID-19 and do they cause unwanted effects?
• Are antibiotics beneficial for flare-ups of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease?
• Are corticosteroids (anti-inflammatory medicines) given orally or by injection an effective treatment for people with COVID-19?
• Are digital contact tracing technologies effective during infectious disease outbreaks?
• Are direct oral anticoagulants (a type of 'blood thinner') better than conventional anticoagulation for treating people with a blood clot in a deep vein? 
• Are direct oral anticoagulants (a type of 'blood thinner') better than traditional anticoagulants for treating a pulmonary embolism (a blood clot in the lung)?
• Are inflatable sleeves and medication effective to prevent deep vein thrombosis and pulmonary embolism after surgery?
• Are inhaled anticholinergics added to β2-agonists beneficial in children hospitalised with acute asthma?
• Are inhaled corticosteroids an effective treatment for people with mild COVID-19?
• Are interventions to improve clinical incidence reporting effective?
• Are laboratory-made COVID-19-specific monoclonal antibodies effective to prevent COVID-19 in adults?
• Are laboratory-made, COVID-19-specific monoclonal antibodies an effective treatment for COVID-19?
• Are medicines that block interleukin‐1 (a protein involved in immune responses) effective treatments for COVID‐19 and do they cause unwanted effects?
• Are medicines that delay the start of labour (tocolytics) effective for delaying preterm birth?
• Are non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs safe and effective for treating heavy menstrual bleeding?
• Are shorter courses of systemic steroids as effective as conventional longer courses in the treatment of patients with flare-ups of COPD?
• Are stem cells taken from a person's bone marrow and delivered to their heart a safe and effective treatment following a heart attack?
• Are systemic Janus kinase inhibitors an effective treatment for people with COVID-19?
• Are tiotropium plus combination inhalers better than tiotropium or combination inhalers alone for the treatment of COPD?
• Aripiprazole alone or in combination with other drugs for treating the acute mania phase of bipolar disorder
• Artemether injection for treating people with severe malaria
• Artemisinin-based combination therapy (ACT) for treating non-severe malaria due to Plasmodium vivax
• Artemisinin-naphthoquine for treating uncomplicated Plasmodium falciparum malaria
• Artesunate reduces death from severe malaria
• Aspiration of the elbow joint for treating radial head fractures
• Aspirin with or without an antiemetic for acute migraine headaches in adults
• Aspirin, steroid and non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs use for treating Alzheimer's disease
• Asthma reliever inhalers (beta2-agonists) used for exercise-induced asthma and exercise-induced bronchoconstriction
• Audio-visual presentation of information used in the informed consent process for people considering entering clinical trials
• Audit and feedback: effects on professional practice and patient outcomes
• Automated monitoring for the early detection of sepsis in patients receiving care in intensive care units
• Azithromycin for acute lower respiratory tract infections
• Azithromycin versus penicillin G benzathine for early syphilis
• B-type natriuretic peptide-guided treatment for heart failure patients
• Back schools for acute and subacute non-specific low-back pain
• Baclofen for alcohol withdrawal syndrome
• Balanced crystalloid solutions versus 0.9% saline for severely dehydrated children with acute diarrhoea
• Band ligation versus no intervention for primary prevention of upper gastrointestinal bleeding in people with cirrhosis and oesophageal varices
• Banding ligation versus beta-blockers for primary prevention in oesophageal varices in adults
• Barbiturate drugs for people with traumatic brain injury
• Baseline scores of Mini-Mental State examination (MMSE) for early prediction of developing dementia in people with mild cognitive impairments (MCI)
• Bathing critically ill patients with chlorhexidine to prevent hospital-acquired infections
• Benefits and harms of ablation for people with non-paroxysmal atrial fibrillation
• Benefits and harms of drug-eluting versus bare-metal stents in people with acute coronary syndrome
• Benefits of antihypertensive drugs for mild hypertension are unclear
• Benzodiazepines alone or in combination with antipsychotic drugs for acute psychosis
• Benzodiazepines for panic disorder in adults
• Benzodiazepines for schizophrenia
• Best position for newborns who need assisted ventilation
• Beta-blockers for children with congestive heart failure
• Beta-blockers for hypertension
• Beta-blockers for preventing stroke recurrence
• Beta-blockers versus placebo or no intervention for patients with suspected or diagnosed myocardial infarction
• Beta2-agonist drugs for treating cough or a clinical diagnosis of acute bronchitis
• Betahistine for symptoms of vertigo
• Bias due to selective inclusion and reporting of outcomes and analyses in systematic reviews of randomised trials of healthcare interventions
• Blood and urine tests for the diagnosis of acute pancreatitis (sudden inflammation of pancreas)
• Blood pressure targets in people with cardiovascular disease
• Blood tests for the diagnosis of pancreatic necrosis (pancreatic destruction due to inflammation of pancreas)
• Blood thinners for the initial treatment of blood clots in people with cancer
• Blood transfusions for people with sickle cell disease before they undergo surgery
• Blood transfusions for treating acute chest syndrome in people with sickle cell disease
• Blood-clot promoting drugs for acute traumatic injury
• Body position and intake of fluids for preventing headache after a lumbar puncture
• Branched-chain amino acids improve symptoms of hepatic encephalopathy
• Bronchodilators for bronchiolitis for infants with first-time wheezing
• Buffered solutions versus 0.9% saline for resuscitation in critically ill adults and children
• Buflomedil for acute ischaemic stroke
• Buprenorphine for managing opioid withdrawal
• Caffeine as an analgesic adjuvant for acute pain in adults
• Calcitonin used to treat metastatic bone pain
• Calcium antagonists as an add-on therapy for drug-resistant epilepsy
• Calcium antagonists for acute ischemic stroke
• Calcium channel blockers for inhibiting preterm labour and birth
• Calcium channel blockers versus other classes of drugs for hypertension
• Can breathing support using continuous positive airway pressure (CPAP), given within the first hour of life, prevent death and illness in premature babies?
• Can exhaled nitric oxide be used to adjust asthma medications in children with asthma?
• Can international travel-related control measures contain the spread of the COVID-19 pandemic?
• Can mefloquine prevent malaria during travel to areas where the disease is widespread?
• Can tests for inflammation help doctors decide whether to use antibiotics for airway infections?
• Carbetocin for preventing postpartum haemorrhage
• Central venous access sites to prevent venous blood clots, blood vessel narrowing, and infection
• Central venous catheter coating with antiseptics or antibiotics for reducing catheter-related infections in adults
• Cephalosporin antibiotics for the treatment of enteric fever (typhoid fever)
• Cerebrolysin for acute ischaemic stroke
• Cervical assessment by ultrasound for preventing preterm delivery
• Chances of developing blood clots for people who have COVID-19 and are taking hormonal birth control compared to people not taking hormonal birth control
• Chest physiotherapy for acute bronchiolitis in children younger than two years of age
• Chest physiotherapy for pneumonia in adults
• Chest X-rays in acute chest infections
• Chinese herbs combined with Western medicine for treating severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS)
• Chinese medicinal herbs for influenza
• Clinical symptoms and signs for the diagnosis of Mycoplasma pneumoniae in children and adolescents with community-acquired pneumonia
• Clinical symptoms, signs and tests for identification of impending and current water-loss dehydration in older people
• Clinical tools for detecting cervical spine injury (CSI) in children with injuries
• Clonazepam add-on therapy for drug-resistant epilepsy in adults and children
• Clonazepam for neuropathic pain and fibromyalgia in adults
• Clonidine, lofexidine, and similar medications for the management of opioid withdrawal
• Clot-dissolving drugs (different doses, routes of administration and agents) for breaking down a blood clot blocking a blood vessel in the brain
• Clot-dissolving drugs for treating ischaemic stroke in the early stages
• Codeine, alone and with paracetamol (acetaminophen), for cancer pain
• Cognitive-behavioural treatments for non-cardiac chest pain
• Colchicine for treating acute gout flares
• Cold-water immersion for preventing and treating muscle soreness after exercise
• Colloids or crystalloids for fluid replacement in critically ill people
• Combinations of tocolytic drugs for inhibiting preterm labour
• Combined beta-agonists and anticholinergics compared to beta-agonists alone for adults with asthma treated in emergency departments
• Combined inhalers compared to tiotropium inhalers for the treatment of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease
• Combined inhalers versus placebo for the treatment of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD)
• Community first responders for out-of-hospital cardiac arrest in adults and children
• Comparing different types of scan (CT, MRI, bone scan) for diagnosis of clinically suspected scaphoid fractures, when initial radiographs are negative
• Comparing treatment of non-severe pneumonia, in children aged 2 to 59 months, with and without antibiotics
• Comparing two types of blood-thinning drugs, factor Xa inhibitors and vitamin K antagonists, to prevent blood clots in people with atrial fibrillation
• Comparing walk-in clinics to physician offices and emergency rooms
• Comparison of central adjudication of outcomes and onsite outcome assessment on treatment effect estimates
• Comparison of different techniques for planned opening of the trachea
• Comparison of propofol (an anaesthetic drug) with other drug options for sedating people undergoing painful procedures in emergency departments
• Comparison of the different ways of giving fluids to patients who cannot drink enough, such as patients with Ebola virus disease
• Comparison of two muscle relaxants, rocuronium and succinylcholine, to facilitate rapid sequence induction intubation
• Comparison of video-assisted and non-video-assisted devices for intubation of children
• Computed tomography angiography or magnetic resonance angiography for detecting blood vessel abnormalities in patients with intracerebral haemorrhage
• Concentrated salt solution versus other treatments to lower pressure around the brain for people with acute traumatic brain injury
• Conflicts of interest and recommendations in clinical guidelines, advisory committee reports, opinion pieces, and narrative reviews
• Conservative interventions for shaft fractures of the forearm bones in children
• CONsolidated Standards Of Reporting Trials (CONSORT) and the completeness of reporting of randomised controlled trials published in medical journals
• Continuous chest compression versus interrupted chest compression for cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR) of non-asphyxial out-of-hospital cardiac arrest (OHCA)
• Continuous negative extrathoracic pressure or continuous positive airway pressure for children with acute respiratory failure and shortage of oxygen
• Continuous or intermittent monitoring of people with acute stroke
• Continuous positive airway pressure (CPAP) for acute bronchiolitis in children
• Continuous positive airways pressure for respiratory distress in preterm infants
• Controlled hypotension versus normotensive resuscitation strategy for people with ruptured abdominal aortic aneurysm
• Controlling high blood sugar levels with insulin in people who have had an acute ischaemic stroke
• Cooling the body after resuscitation following cardiac arrest
• Coronary artery bypass surgery performed with versus without cardiac arrest and cardiopulmonary bypass in patients with ischaemic heart disease
• Corticosteroid eye drops used in addition to standard antibiotic therapy in the treatment of bacterial keratitis
• Corticosteroids as stand-alone or add-on treatment for sore throat
• Corticosteroids for bacterial meningitis
• Corticosteroids for Bell's palsy
• Corticosteroids for chronic inflammatory demyelinating polyradiculoneuropathy
• Corticosteroids for Guillain-Barré syndrome
• Corticosteroids for the management of cancer-related breathlessness in adults with cancer
• Corticosteroids for the treatment of parasitic eosinophilic meningitis
• Corticosteroids for treating dengue infection in children and adults
• Corticosteroids for treating sepsis
• Crisis intervention for people with severe mental illnesses
• Crisis interventions for people with borderline personality disorder
• Cuffed versus uncuffed endotracheal tubes for neonates
• Cuffed versus uncuffed tubes in children aged eight years and under, having general anaesthetic
• D-dimer for excluding pulmonary embolism in hospital outpatient and accident and emergency populations
• Decongestants, antihistamines and nasal irrigation for acute sinusitis in children
• Deep transverse friction massage for the treatment of lateral elbow or lateral knee tendinitis
• Delayed antibiotic prescriptions for respiratory tract infections
• Delivering clot-busting therapy before reaching hospital or in hospital to help people who are having heart attacks
• Devices with safety features for preventing percutaneous exposure injuries in healthcare staff
• Dexmedetomidine and clonidine for long-term sedation during mechanical ventilation in critically ill patients
• Diagnostic tests for assessing rotator cuff tears in people with shoulder pain for whom surgery is being considered
• Diclofenac with or without an antiemetic for acute migraine headaches in adults
• Different antibiotics for community-acquired pneumonia in otherwise healthy children younger than 18 years of age in hospital and outpatient settings
• Different antibiotics for group A streptococcal pharyngitis
• Different doses and durations of oral steroids for asthma attacks
• Different doses of platelet transfusion for preventing bleeding in people with low platelet counts due to treatment-induced bone marrow failure
• Different fluid therapy strategies for sepsis and septic shock
• Different methods of manipulation for reducing pulled elbow in young children
• Different methods of ventilation (controlling pressure vs volume) for people with acute respiratory failure due to lung injury
• Digitalis for treatment of heart failure in patients in sinus rhythm
• Direct oral anticoagulants for prevention of stroke in atrial fibrillation patients with chronic kidney disease
• Direct thrombin inhibitors compared with vitamin K antagonists in people with atrial fibrillation for preventing stroke
• Discharge planning from hospital
• Disease management programmes for heart failure
• Do antipsychotic medicines reduce  agitated behaviour and psychotic symptoms in people with Alzheimer's disease and vascular dementia?
• Do blood thinners prevent blood clots in children who are treated using central lines?
• Do blood thinners prevent people who are hospitalised with COVID-19 from developing blood clots?
• Do education and training programs reduce aggressive behavior toward healthcare workers?
• Do local anaesthetic nerve blocks provide effective pain relief for adults with a hip fracture?
• Do magnesium sulfate infusions reduce the need for hospital admission in adults with acute asthma?
• Do magnesium sulfate infusions reduce the need for hospital admission in children with acute asthma?
• Do nasal decongestants used alone relieve cold symptoms?
• Do painkillers rubbed on the skin really work?
• Do people recover from exacerbations of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) better in their own home than in the hospital emergency room?
• Do systemic corticosteroids improve treatment outcomes in flare-ups of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease?
• Do ventilators that manage the reduction of ventilator support (weaning) reduce the duration of weaning compared to strategies managed by clinicians?
• Do video-assisted instruments for inserting breathing tubes in adults work better than direct-view instruments and do they cause unwanted effects?
• Does adding antileukotriene agents to usual care when people are suffering an asthma attack in the emergency department help?
• Does an aminophylline injection in addition to bronchodilators for an asthma attack improve lung function and other outcomes or cause harm?
• Does cleaning hands with ash stop or reduce the spread of viral and bacterial infections compared with soap or other materials?
• Does heparin locking prevent blocking of central venous catheters in adults when compared to locking with normal saline?
• Does hyperbaric oxygen therapy improve outcome after heart attack?
• Does hyperbaric oxygen therapy improve the survival and quality of life in patients with traumatic brain injury?
• Does the placement of a breathing tube using video assistance (videolaryngoscopy) increase the success and safety of the procedure in newborn babies?
• Does the speed of injection make a difference in the amount of pain and bruising in people receiving heparin injections?
• Does the type of anaesthesia for recanalisation therapies for acute ischaemic stroke affect patient outcomes?
• Does using low-sodium salt substitutes (LSSS) instead of regular salt reduce blood pressure and heart disease risks, and is it safe?
• Dopamine agents for hepatic encephalopathy
• Dosage intervals of amoxicillin for the treatment of acute middle ear infection
• Dressings and securement for central venous catheters (CVCs)
• Dressings for the prevention of surgical site infection
• Dressings for treating superficial and partial thickness burns
• Drug interventions for deliberately altering blood pressure in acute stroke
• Drug management for acute tonic-clonic convulsions (fits), including convulsive status epilepticus in children
• Drug treatment for pain in Guillain-Barré syndrome
• Drug treatment for small abdominal aortic aneurysms
• Drug treatment other than corticosteroids, intravenous immunoglobulin and plasma exchange for acute Guillain Barré syndrome
• Drug treatments for pain in children and young people with life-limiting conditions
• Drug treatments that specifically target ammonia for adults with cirrhosis and hepatic encephalopathy
• Drugs for preventing headache after a lumbar puncture
• Drugs for preventing major morbidity and mortality related to blood pressure and heart rate changes associated with tracheal intubation
• Drugs for reducing iron in people with acute stroke
• Drugs for the acute treatment of migraine in children and adolescents
• Drugs for treating headache after a lumbar puncture
• Drugs other than those used for epilepsy for treating trigeminal neuralgia
• Drugs that prevent oral bleeding in people using oral anticoagulants undergoing minor oral surgery or dental extractions
• Drugs to break down blood clots for people with sudden onset peripheral arterial occlusion
• Drugs to dissolve pulmonary embolism (blood clot in the lungs)
• Drugs to help reduce anxiety in people nearing the end of life due to illness
• Drugs to relieve pain for children with acute middle ear infection
• Drugs to treat acute respiratory distress syndrome in adults
• Drugs used as add-on therapy to heart procedure following heart attack
• Duration of treatment for asymptomatic bacteriuria during pregnancy
• Early or delayed surgical removal of the appendix: which works better to treat an appendiceal mass (lump on the appendix)?
• Early palliative care for adults with advanced cancer
• Early skin-to-skin contact for mothers and their healthy newborn infants
• Early treatment with blood-thinning drugs for people who have had a stroke
• Early use of inhaled corticosteroids in the emergency department treatment of acute asthma
• Early versus delayed initiation of continuous positive airway pressure (CPAP) for respiratory distress in preterm infants
• Early versus delayed mobilisation to prevent further bleeding after spontaneous bleeding on the surface of the brain
• Echinacea for preventing and treating the common cold
• Educational games to improve health care professional practice and care for patients
• Effect of applying cricoid pressure during rapid sequence induction of general anaesthesia
• Effects of antihistamines on eczema
• Effects of higher versus lower levels of pressure in the lungs at the end of each breath during mechanical ventilation in patients with acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS)
• Effects of perioperative alcohol cessation interventions on postoperative complications following surgery
• Elective (regular) versus symptomatic intravenous antibiotic therapy for cystic fibrosis
• Electric fans for reducing the health effects of heatwaves
• Elevation of the head during intensive care management in people with severe traumatic brain injury
• Embolisation therapy for pulmonary arteriovenous malformations
• Endothelin receptor antagonists for subarachnoid hemorrhage
• Endovascular therapy versus conventional medical treatment for symptomatic intracranial artery stenosis
• Endovascular treatment for ruptured abdominal aortic aneurysm
• Etomidate for sedating critically ill people during emergency endotracheal intubation
• Exercise for Neck Pain
• External counterpulsation for acute ischaemic stroke
• Extracorporeal (external to the body) membrane oxygenation (ECMO) for critically ill adults
• Factors that influence whether healthcare workers follow infection prevention and control guidelines for respiratory infectious diseases
• Family presence during resuscitation
• Fibrinogen depleting agents may help to remove blood clots in acute ischaemic stroke
• First aid glucose administration routes for symptomatic hypoglycaemia
• Fixation devices secured across the fracture that are placed either directly or externally for treating hip fractures located outside the hip joint
• Fixed daily dose of a low molecular weight heparin compared with an adjusted dose of unfractionated heparin for treating blood clots in the deep veins
• Fludrocortisone for the treatment of orthostatic hypotension
• Fluid removal therapy in acute heart failure
• Fluids and diuretics for treating acute ureteric colic
• Fluids for hydration in children
• Fluids for people with acute bacterial meningitis
• Flumazenil versus placebo or no intervention for people with cirrhosis and hepatic encephalopathy
• Fluvoxamine for treating COVID-19
• Food-based oral rehydration solution for acute diarrhoea
• Full publication of results initially presented in abstracts
• Gabapentin for chronic neuropathic pain in adults
• Gamma aminobutyric acid (GABA) receptor agonists for acute stroke
• Garlic for the common cold
• Giving glutamine supplements to critically ill adults
• Glucocorticoids for acute viral bronchiolitis in infants and young children under two years of age
• Glucocorticoids for croup in children
• Glucocorticoids for the treatment of anaphylaxis  
• Glucocorticosteroids for people with alcoholic hepatitis
• Glycoprotein IIb-IIIa inhibitors for acute ischaemic stroke
• H1-antihistamines for chronic spontaneous urticaria
• Haemodilution for acute ischaemic stroke
• Haloperidol as a means of calming people who are aggressive or agitated due to psychosis
• Haloperidol dose for the acute phase of schizophrenia
• Haloperidol for the treatment of nausea and vomiting in palliative care patients
• Harms and benefits of dissolving blood clots in deep blood vessels in the arms
• Health workers' perceptions and experiences of using mHealth technologies to deliver primary healthcare services: a qualitative evidence synthesis
• Heated, humidified air for the common cold
• Helicopter emergency medical services for adults with major trauma
• Heliox inhalation therapy for bronchiolitis in infants
• Helium-oxygen (heliox) treatment for children with croup
• Helminth therapy (worms) for allergic rhinitis
• High pressure (hyperbaric) oxygen therapy for Bell's palsy
• High-flow nasal cannula (tube) oxygen therapy for infants with bronchiolitis
• High-flow nasal cannulae for breathing support in adult intensive care patients
• High-frequency oscillation for the treatment of acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS)
• Higher or lower levels of oxygen for adults admitted to the intensive care unit
• Hip replacement surgery in adults
• Histamine-blocking drugs for hives
• Holding chambers (spacers) versus nebulisers for delivery of beta-agonist relievers in the treatment of an asthma attack
• Home versus in-patient treatment for deep vein blood clots
• Home-based end-of-life care
• Homeopathic Oscillococcinum® for preventing and treating influenza and influenza-like illness
• Honey as a topical treatment for acute and chronic wounds
• Honey for acute cough in children
• Hormone treatment may be ineffective in treating people with viral myocarditis
• How accurate are nucleic and antigen detection tests in diagnosing leptospirosis?
• How accurate are rapid antigen tests for diagnosing COVID-19?
• How accurate are routine laboratory tests for diagnosis of COVID-19?
• How accurate are symptoms and medical examination to diagnose COVID-19?
• How accurate is bedside ultrasound for the diagnosis of injuries to the abdomen or chest in patients with blunt injuries?
• How accurate is chest imaging for diagnosing COVID-19?
• How accurate is chest ultrasonography compared to supine chest radiography for diagnosis of traumatic pneumothorax in the emergency department?
• How accurate is computed tomography for the diagnosis of acute appendicitis in adults?
• How can caregivers manage pain in infants and young children undergoing painful procedures?
• How can communication about the end of life and care in the last 12 months of life be improved?
• How effective are medicines used to treat attacks of vestibular migraine?
• How effective are military and frontline emergency service personnel pre-deployment resilience building programmes?
• How effective is aripiprazole for calming people who are aggressive or agitated due to psychosis?
• How effective is screening for COVID-19?
• How often should dressings on central venous access devices (CVADs) be changed to reduce catheter-related infection?
• How similar are estimates of treatment effectiveness derived from randomised controlled trials and observational studies?
• Human recombinant activated protein C for severe sepsis and septic shock in adult and paediatric patients
• Hydrocolloid dressings to promote foot ulcer healing in people with diabetes when compared with other dressing types
• Hydroxyethyl starch (HES) versus other fluid therapies: effects on kidney function
• Hydroxyurea (also known as hydroxycarbamide) for people with sickle cell disease
• Hyperbaric oxygen as an additional treatment for malignant otitis externa
• Hyperbaric oxygen for sudden hearing loss and tinnitus (ringing in the ears) of unknown cause
• Hyperbaric oxygen therapy for acute surgical and traumatic wounds
• Hyperbaric oxygen therapy for treating people with acute ischaemic stroke
• Hypothermia (body temperature cooling) for people with an injury to the brain
• Ibuprofen with or without an antiemetic for acute migraine headaches in adults
• Image-guided versus blind glucocorticoid injection for shoulder pain
• Immediate antiepileptic drug treatment, versus placebo, deferred, or no treatment for first unprovoked seizure
• Immediate closure or delayed closure for treating traumatic wounds in the first 24 hours following injury
• Immunity in vulnerable groups after COVID-19 vaccination
• Immunoglobulin treatment for Kawasaki disease
• Improving how physicians working in hospital settings prescribe antibiotics
• In people with asthma are single inhalers that contain both formoterol and budesonide better than current best practice?
• In stable COPD, should inhaled corticosteroids be used with combination long-acting beta2-agonist/long-acting muscarinic antagonist inhalers?
• Increased water intake for preventing urinary stones
• Increasing the dose of inhaled steroids or continuing the usual dose to treat asthma attacks in adults and children
• Industry sponsorship and research outcome
• Influenza vaccine for preventing acute otitis media (middle ear infection)
• Inhaled analgesia for relieving pain during labour
• Inhaled corticosteroids compared with placebo for stable chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD)
• Inhaled corticosteroids for acute asthma following emergency department discharge
• Inhaled corticosteroids for subacute cough in children
• Inhaled drugs for opening up the airways in cases of acute chest syndrome in people with sickle cell disease
• Inhaled nitric oxide for treating pain crises in people with sickle cell disease
• Inotropic and vasodilator strategies in people with cardiogenic shock or low cardiac output
• Interleukin-1 inhibitors for acute gout
• Intervention to prevent delirium for critically ill patients in the intensive care unit (ICU)
• Interventions for acute severe asthma attacks in children: an overview of Cochrane Reviews
• Interventions for an acute internal hordeolum
• Interventions for managing asthma in pregnancy
• Interventions for nausea and vomiting in early pregnancy
• Interventions for paracetamol (acetaminophen) overdose
• Interventions for preventing and reducing the use of physical restraints of older people in hospital
• Interventions for the management of fluid around the lungs (pleural fluid) caused by cancer
• Interventions for the treatment of persistent smell disorders (olfactory dysfunction) after COVID-19 infection
• Interventions for treating acute elbow dislocations in adults
• Interventions for treating adults with an isolated fracture of the ulnar shaft
• Interventions for treating phosphorus burns
• Interventions for treating severe nausea and vomiting during pregnancy (hyperemesis gravidarum)
• Interventions for treating traumatised permanent front teeth: luxated (dislodged) front teeth
• Interventions to increase the use of measures to prevent the development of blood clots in hospitalized medical and surgical patients
• Interventions to prevent delirium in hospitalised patients, not including those on intensive care units
• Interventions to promote informed consent for patients undergoing surgical and other invasive healthcare procedures
• Intra-aortic balloon counterpulsation in patients with acute myocardial infarction and cardiogenic shock
• Intramedullary nails for extracapsular hip fractures in adults
• Intramuscular versus oral corticosteroids for acute asthma
• Intranasal corticosteroids for non-allergic rhinitis
• Intranasal fentanyl for the treatment of children in acute pain
• Intravenous beta2-agonists and intravenous aminophylline for acute asthma
• Intravenous fluids compared to nasogastric or orogastric tube hydration for children hospitalised with bronchiolitis
• Intravenous fluids for preventing prolonged labour in women giving birth to their first baby
• Intravenous immunoglobulin for Guillain-Barré syndrome
• Intravenous immunoglobulin for myasthenia gravis
• Intravenous immunoglobulins for treating patients with severe sepsis and septic shock
• Intravenous N-acetylcysteine compared to placebo for treatment of systemic inflammatory response syndrome and sepsis in seriously ill adults
• Intravenous naftidrofuryl for treating critical limb ischaemia
• Intubation methods for obese patients requiring general anaesthesia
• Is chloroquine or hydroxychloroquine useful in treating people with COVID-19, or in preventing infection in people who have been exposed to the virus?
• Is colchicine an effective treatment for people with COVID-19?
• Is home or hospital treatment better for people with blood clots in the lungs?
• Is inhaled magnesium sulfate a safe and effective treatment for people with asthma attacks?
• Is it safe to use lower blood counts (haemoglobin levels) as a trigger for blood transfusion in order to give fewer blood transfusions?
• Is it safer to deliver a baby immediately or wait if the mother has high blood pressure after 34 weeks of pregnancy that is not persistently severe?
• Is magnesium sulfate effective for chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) flare-ups?
• Is plasma from the blood of people who have recovered from COVID-19 an effective treatment for other people with COVID-19?
• Is sodium bicarbonate therapy helpful for people with acute kidney problems?
• Is surgery or observation better for people who have a severe blunt injury to the liver?
• Is taking inhaled corticosteroids only when asthma symptoms get worse as safe and effective as taking inhaled corticosteroids every day?
• Is the combination of nirmatrelvir plus ritonavir effective for treating or preventing COVID-19?
• Is there a best way to remove dead tissue from surgical wounds?
• Is treatment with corticosteroids beneficial and safe for people with pneumonia?
• Is ultrasound guidance a good option for peripheral intravenous cannulation in adults?
• Is vitamin D an effective and safe addition to antibiotics for treating children with acute pneumonia?
• Is vitamin D an effective and safe treatment for COVID-19?
• Ivermectin and permethrin for treating scabies
• Ivermectin for preventing and treating COVID-19
• Jolt accentuation of headache as a test for acute meningitis in emergency settings
• Ketogenic diets for drug-resistant epilepsy
• Lamotrigine add-on therapy for drug-resistant focal epilepsy
• Lamotrigine as add-on therapy for drug-resistant generalised tonic-clonic seizures
• Laryngeal mask airway versus bag-mask ventilation or endotracheal intubation for neonatal resuscitation
• Lateral positioning for critically ill adult patients
• Length of treatment with vitamin K antagonists and prevention of recurrence in patients with venous thromboembolism
• Leukotriene inhibitors for bronchiolitis in infants and young children
• Levels of interleukin-6 in identifying severely ill adult patients with sepsis
• Lidocaine for pain relief in people with burns
• Lidocaine for reducing propofol-induced pain on anaesthesia in adults
• Local anaesthesia (numbing medicine) that is directly applied to the skin can provide pain control for repair of skin lacerations
• Local and regional anaesthesia at the time of surgery to prevent longer-term persistent pain after surgery
• Local steroid injection for carpal tunnel syndrome
• Long-acting beta2-agonists for people with COPD
• Long-term blood transfusions to prevent a stroke in people with sickle cell disease
• Loop diuretics cause modest blood pressure lowering
• Loop diuretics for patients receiving blood transfusions
• Low blood oxygen levels versus normal blood oxygen levels in ventilated severely ill people
• Low molecular weight heparin for prevention of venous thromboembolism in adults with lower-limb immobilization in an outpatient setting
• Low-molecular-weight heparins for pain caused by obstruction of blood vessels in people with sickle cell disease
• Lower versus higher oxygen concentrations titrated to target oxygen saturations during resuscitation of preterm infants at birth
• Magnesium for the prevention or treatment of alcohol withdrawal syndrome in adults
• Magnesium for treating sickle cell disease
• Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) for diagnosis of acute appendicitis
• Mailuoning (a type of traditional Chinese medicine) for improving outcome in people with acute ischaemic stroke
• Management of intussusception in children
• Managing acute lower abdominal pain in women of childbearing age
• Manipulation and mobilisation for neck disorders
• Mechanical and surgical interventions for treating women with severe bleeding after childbirth
• Mechanical chest compression machines for cardiac arrest
• Mechanical heart pumps to aid a heart that fails suddenly
• Medical and surgical treatment for ocular myasthenia
• Medical therapies for treating heavy menstrual bleeding in women with bleeding disorders
• Medical treatment for people with acute pancreatitis (sudden inflammation of the pancreas)
• Medical treatment for traumatic hyphema
• Medically assisted hydration to assist palliative care patients
• Medication for posttraumatic stress disorder
• Medication for treating anxiety disorders in people with alcohol use problems
• Medications for reducing contractions during labour for excessively strong/frequent contractions or where the unborn baby is thought to be distressed
• Medicines for preventing post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD)
• Medicines in the treatment of emergency department nausea and vomiting
• Medicines to treat delirium in critically ill adult patients
• Mefloquine for preventing malaria in pregnant women
• Melatonin to improve sleep in the intensive care unit
• Methods for securing endotracheal tubes in newborn infants
• Methods of emergency contraception
• Metoclopramide for accurate placement of naso-enteral feeding tube
• Midazolam for sedation before procedures
• Mindfulness for improving mental well-being in medical students and junior doctors
• Minimally invasive treatments to dissolve blood clots in the lungs (acute pulmonary embolism)
• Mobile phone messaging for communicating results of medical investigations
• Modifications of the Epley manoeuvre for benign paroxysmal positional vertigo (BPPV)
• Morphine for neuropathic pain in adults
• Motivational interviewing (MI) for preventing alcohol misuse in young adults is not effective enough
• Mucolytic agents for chronic bronchitis or chronic obstructive pulmonary disease
• Multiple session early psychological interventions for prevention of post-traumatic stress disorder
• Muscle energy technique (MET) for non-specific low-back pain
• N-acetylcysteine for acute liver failure not caused by paracetamol overdose
• Naproxen for acute migraine in adults
• Nasal high flow therapy for breathing support in preterm babies
• Nasal saline irrigation for acute upper airway infection symptoms
• Natriuretic peptide-guided treatment for preventing death and cardiovascular events among patients with risk factors for heart disease
• Nebulized epinephrine for croup in children
• Needle aspiration compared to incision and drainage for the treatment of peritonsillar abscess (quinsy)
• Needle characteristics that reduce the occurrence of post-dural puncture headache (PDPH)
• Nerve blocks for initial pain management of thigh bone fractures in children
• Neuraminidase inhibitors for preventing and treating influenza in children
• New treatments versus established treatments in randomized trials
• Newborn resuscitation training programmes for improving the health and survival of newborns
• Nitrates for acute heart failure syndromes
• Non-drug approaches for preventing delirium in adults receiving care in hospital outside of intensive care and high dependency units
• Non-invasive positive pressure ventilation for treatment of respiratory failure due to severe acute exacerbations of asthma
• Non-invasive ventilation for people with respiratory failure due to exacerbation of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD)
• Non-opioid drugs for managing pain in labour
• Non-pharmacological and non-surgical treatments for low back pain in adults: an overview of Cochrane Reviews
• Non-pharmacological interventions for preventing secondary vascular events after stroke or transient attack
• Non-steroid anti-inflammatory drugs for biliary colic
• Non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) for acute gout
• Non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) for treating tennis elbow pain in adults
• Non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs for low back pain with sciatica
• Non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs for the common cold
• Non-surgical interventions for treating a broken collarbone in adolescents and adults
• Non-surgical management after non-surgical repositioning of traumatic anterior dislocation of the shoulder
• Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs are effective treatment for acute renal colic
• Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs for dysmenorrhoea
• Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs for management of pain in women with endometriosis
• Normal pressure oxygen therapy and hyperbaric oxygen therapy for migraine and cluster headaches
• Observation alone versus drain tube or needle insertion (interventional) for primary spontaneous pneumothorax in adults without previous lung disease.
• Once versus twice daily injections of low molecular weight heparin for the initial treatment of blood clots in the veins
• Opioids for abdominal pain in acute pancreatitis
• Opioids for agitation in dementia
• Opioids for managing pain in babies exposed to painful procedures
• Optimization of fluid levels in people suffering hip fractures
• Oral antibiotics for treating febrile neutropenia in cancer patients at low risk for complications
• Oral antihistamine-decongestant-analgesic combinations for the common cold
• Oral antiplatelet therapy for acute ischaemic stroke
• Oral aspirin for treatment of acute episodic tension-type headache in adults
• Oral corticosteroid treatment started by patients or parents during a severe asthma attack
• Oral ibuprofen for acute treatment of episodic tension-type headache in adults
• Oral ketoprofen for treatment of acute episodic tension-type headache in adults
• Oral non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs compared with other oral pain killers for sprains, strains and bruises
• Oral nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) for neuropathic pain in adults
• Oral painkillers available without prescription for acute pain
• Oral paracetamol for treatment of acute episodic tension-type headache in adults
• Oral zinc supplementation for treating diarrhoea in children
• Organised inpatient (stroke unit) care
• Osmotic therapies added to antibiotics for acute bacterial meningitis
• Outpatient treatment for cancer patient with low-risk febrile neutropaenic event is effective.
• Over-the-counter medications to help reduce cough for children and adults on antibiotics for acute pneumonia
• Oxygen therapy as part of the treatment for respiratory infections in children
• Oxygen therapy in the pre-hospital setting for sudden worsening of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease
• Oxytocin for preventing postpartum haemorrhage in non-facility birth settings
• Oxytocin injected into a vein or muscle for reducing blood loss after vaginal birth
• Oxytocin receptor antagonists for inhibiting preterm labour
• Pain in patients with inflammatory arthritis and gastrointestinal or liver problems
• Paracetamol (acetaminophen) alone, or in combination with codeine or dihydrocodeine, for neuropathic pain in adults
• Paracetamol (acetaminophen) for prevention or treatment of pain in newborns
• Paracetamol (acetaminophen) with or without an antiemetic for acute migraine in adults
• Paracetamol for low back pain
• Paracetamol for relief of perineal pain after birth
• Paracetamol for treating people with hip or knee osteoarthritis
• Partial agonists for the treatment of high blood pressure.
• Partial liquid ventilation for mechanical ventilation of severely ill children with acute lung injury and acute respiratory distress syndrome
• Partial removal of skull (decompressive craniectomy) to lower treatment-resistant high pressure in the skull and brain after traumatic brain injury
• Patch angioplasty versus primary closure for carotid endarterectomy
• Patient education for neck pain
• Patient-initiated appointments for people with chronic conditions managed in hospital outpatient settings
• Pedicle screw fixation methods for traumatic fractures of the thoracic and lumbar spine
• Pelargonium sidoides (Umckaloabo), a herbal remedy, for treating acute respiratory tract infections
• Pentasaccharides for the treatment of deep vein thrombosis
• Pharmacomechanical thrombectomy for iliofemoral deep vein thrombosis
• Phenobarbitone versus phenytoin monotherapy (single-drug treatment) for epilepsy
• Phlebotonics for haemorrhoids
• Physician use of red flags to screen for cancer in patients with new back pain
• Physician use of red flags to screen for fractured vertebrae for patients with new back pain
• Piracetam for acute ischaemic stroke
• Piracetam for reducing the incidence of painful sickle cell disease crises
• Plasma exchange for chronic inflammatory demyelinating polyradiculoneuropathy
• Plasma exchange for Guillain-Barré syndrome
• Plasma transfusion strategies for critically ill patients
• Plasma transfusions prior to insertion of lumbar puncture needles for people with abnormal coagulation
• Platelet glycoprotein IIb/IIIa blockers during percutaneous coronary intervention and as the initial treatment of acute coronary syndromes
• Platelet transfusion before surgery for people with low platelet counts
• Platelet transfusions are used to prevent bleeding in patients with low platelet counts due to treatment-induced bone marrow failure
• Platelet transfusions are used to prevent bleeding in people with low platelet counts due to treatment-induced bone marrow failure
• Platelet transfusions to treat bleeding compared with platelet transfusions to prevent bleeding in people with blood cancers receiving intensive treatment
• Platelet transfusions treated to reduce transfusion-transmitted infections for the prevention of bleeding in people with low platelet counts
• Platelet-rich therapies for musculoskeletal soft tissue injuries
• Positioning for hospitalised infants and children with acute respiratory distress
• Positive airway pressure for heart failure associated with central sleep apnoea
• Positive pressure therapy for Ménière's disease or syndrome
• Present-centered therapy (PCT) for post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) in adults
• Primary care professionals providing non-urgent care in hospital emergency departments
• Primary closure (immediate stitches) versus delayed closure (delayed stitches) or no closure (no stitches) for traumatic wounds due to mammalian bite
• Printed educational materials for healthcare professional practice and patient health
• Probiotics for preventing ventilator-associated pneumonia
• Probiotics for the management of functional abdominal pain disorders in children
• Procalcitonin evaluation for reducing mortality in adults with sepsis
• Procalcitonin, C-reactive protein, and erythrocyte sedimentation rate for the diagnosis of acute pyelonephritis in children
• Progesterone for traumatic brain injury
• Programmes, policies and work practices that reduce aggression by patients towards healthcare workers
• Prone (face-down) position for mechanical ventilation of adults with acute respiratory failure
• Prophylactic antibiotics for people with COPD
• Prophylactic blood thinners for the prevention of death and venous thromboembolism in COVID-19 outpatients
• Prophylactic drug management for febrile seizures in children
• Prophylactic lidocaine for myocardial infarction
• Propofol versus thiopental sodium for the treatment of refractory status epilepticus (RSE)
• Protective clothes and equipment for healthcare workers to prevent them catching coronavirus and other highly infectious diseases
• Prothrombin complex concentrate for reversal of vitamin K antagonist treatment in bleeding and non-bleeding patients
• Proton pump inhibitor treatment started before endoscopy in upper gastrointestinal bleeding
• Psychological strategies to reduce pain and distress for children and adolescents getting needles
• Psychological therapies for the treatment of post-traumatic stress disorder in children and adolescents
• Psychosocial therapy for recurrent abdominal pain in childhood
• Pyronaridine-artesunate for treating uncomplicated Plasmodium falciparum malaria
• Racecadotril to treat children under five years of age with acute diarrhoea
• Radial artery versus femoral artery approach for performing coronary catheter procedures in people with coronary artery disease
• Rapid diagnostic tests for plague
• Rapid diagnostic tests for visceral leishmaniasis
• Rapid diagnostic tests versus clinical diagnosis for managing fever in settings where malaria is common
• Rapid tests for diagnosing malaria caused by in people living in areas where malaria is very common
• Rapid tests for diagnosing malaria caused by Plasmodium vivax or other less common parasites
• Rapid viral testing for children in the Emergency Department with fever and respiratory symptoms
• Recanalisation therapies for wake-up stroke
• Recombinant (non-human) factor VIIa clotting factor concentrates versus plasma concentrates for acute bleeds in people with haemophilia and inhibitors
• Recombinant factor VIIa for the prevention and treatment of bleeding in patients without haemophilia
• Recruitment manoeuvres as a ventilation strategy for adults with acute respiratory failure due to lung injury
• Regular or selected use of computed tomography (CT) scanning to reduce deaths in people who have a high-energy blunt-traumatic injury
• Regular treatment with formoterol and inhaled steroids for chronic asthma: serious adverse events
• Regulatory information on trials of oseltamivir (Tamiflu) and zanamivir (Relenza) for influenza in adults and children
• Rehabilitation as part of treatment for adults with a broken wrist
• Rehabilitation following an injury to the hamstring in adults
• Remdesivir to treat people with COVID-19
• Renin angiotensin system inhibitors versus other types of medicine for hypertension
• Repeated use of hormonal drugs right before or after sex to prevent pregnancy
• Replacing a peripheral venous catheter when clinically indicated versus routine replacement
• Replacing fluids to treat acute episodes of pain in people with sickle cell disease
• Risperidone as a means of calming people who are aggressive or agitated due to psychosis
• Role of ketamine for management of acute severe asthma in children
• Routine invasive versus conservative strategies for unstable angina and non-ST elevation myocardial infarction in the stent era
• Routine use of oxygen in people who have had a heart attack
• Routine vaginal examinations in labour
• Scanning imaging techniques for the exclusion of pulmonary embolism during pregnancy
• Screening people over 65 years of age for atrial fibrillation increases the rate of detection
• Screening with urinary dipsticks for reducing morbidity and mortality
• Screening women for intimate partner violence in healthcare settings
• Search strategies to identify diagnostic accuracy studies in MEDLINE and EMBASE
• Sedation medication for relieving symptoms at the end of life
• Sedation of children undergoing dental treatment
• Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs) and serotonin-norepinephrine reuptake inhibitors (SNRIs) for preventing tension-type headache
• Selective versus routine use of episiotomy for vaginal birth
• Short-course versus long-course antibiotic treatment for hospital-acquired pneumonia in adult intensive care patients
• Short-term treatment with medications for heartburn symptoms
• Should patients experiencing sudden cardiac death be cooled to lower their body temperature prior to or after admission to hospital?
• Should prophylactic antibiotics be used in patients with penetrating abdominal trauma?
• Simple aspiration versus intercostal tube drainage for primary spontaneous pneumothorax in adults
• Simulation-based obstetric team training to improve the overall outcome of obstetric health care
• Skin antisepsis for reducing central venous catheter-related infections
• Skin-to-skin care with newborns cuts down procedural pain
• SmartCare™ versus non-automated weaning strategies for weaning time in invasively ventilated critically ill adults
• Smectite for treating children with acute diarrhoea
• Snake antivenoms for treating people who have been bitten by a snake, and have developed abnormal blood clotting
• Somatostatin analogues for acute bleeding oesophageal varices
• Specialist teams for neonatal transport to neonatal intensive care units for prevention of morbidity and mortality
• Spectrum of the initial antibiotic treatment for cancer patients with fever and low leucocytes counts
• Splints and other non-surgical methods for treating common injuries of the middle joints of the fingers
• Steroidal anti-inflammatory medication given by mouth or injection for acute sinusitis
• Steroids for acute sinusitis in adults and children
• Steroids for acute spinal cord injury
• Steroids for short-term symptom control in infectious mononucleosis (glandular fever)
• Steroids for the common cold
• Steroids for the treatment of influenza
• Steroids for the treatment of sudden hearing loss with unknown cause
• Steroids in the treatment of traumatic optic neuropathy
• Stopping antibiotic therapy early versus continuing until normal neutrophil count in people with cancer with fever and low neutrophil counts
• Stopping blood pressure medications in older people
• Subcutaneous rapid-acting insulin analogues for diabetic ketoacidosis
• Subcutaneous unfractionated heparin for the initial treatment of venous thromboembolism
• Sublingual immunotherapy for asthma
• Substituting or adding fluoroquinolones to established first-line antituberculous drug regimens gives no additional benefit or risks
• Sucrose for analgesia (pain relief) in newborn infants undergoing heel lance
• Sucrose for analgesia (pain relief) in newborn infants undergoing painful procedures
• Sumatriptan (oral route of administration) for acute migraine attacks in adults
• Sumatriptan (subcutaneous route of administration) for acute migraine attacks in adults
• Sumatriptan plus naproxen for acute migraine attacks in adults
• Surgery for small abdominal aortic aneurysms that do not cause symptoms
• Surgery for unstable trauma patients
• Surgery or non-surgical treatments: which works better to treat people who have a dislocated knee cap?
• Surgery versus observation for people with abdominal injury
• Surgery versus thrombolysis for the initial management of acute limb ischaemia
• Surgical approaches for dislocations of the neck bones
• Surgical decompression for cerebral oedema in acute ischaemic stroke
• Surgical interventions for treating fractures of the olecranon (an elbow bone) in adults
• Surgical interventions for treating radial head fractures in adults
• Surgical versus conservative for treatment for acromioclavicular dislocations of the shoulder in adults
• Surgical versus conservative interventions for treating anterior cruciate ligament injuries
• Surgical versus conservative interventions for treating broken collarbones in adolescents and adults
• Surgical versus conservative treatment for ankle fractures in adults
• Surgical versus non-surgical interventions for treating humeral shaft fractures in adults
• Surgical versus non-surgical treatment for thoracolumbar burst fractures without neurological deficit
• Swallowing therapy for difficulties with swallowing in stroke survivors who have had a recent stroke
• Sweet taste to ease injection needle pain in children aged one to 16 years
• Synchronised mechanical ventilation for respiratory support in newborn infants
• Systematic review of randomised controlled trials about the efficacy and safety of colchicine in people with pericarditis
• Systemic corticosteroids for improving symptoms in children with acute middle ear infection
• Systemic corticosteroids for radicular and non-radicular low back pain
• TEG and ROTEM for diagnosing trauma‑induced coagulopathy (disorder of the clotting system) in adult trauma patients with bleeding
• Terbutaline pump maintenance therapy after threatened preterm labour for reducing adverse neonatal outcomes
• Testing blood procalcitonin levels to decide when to start and stop antibiotics in adults with acute respiratory tract infections
• The accuracy of rapid diagnostic tests for detecting typhoid and paratyphoid (enteric) fever
• The aspiration of pneumothorax in the newborn with a small needle compared to a larger tube placed through the intercostal space
• The effect of automatically generated reminders delivered to providers on paper on quality of care and patient outcomes
• The effect of removing or reducing lactose from milk in young children with acute diarrhoea
• The effect of short duration versus standard duration antibiotic therapy for streptococcal throat infection in children
• The effectiveness of blood testing in the management of pyelonephritis in pregnancy for improving outcomes
• The effectiveness of oxygen for adult patients with pneumonia
• The effectiveness of the Valsalva Manoeuvre for stopping an abnormal heart rhythm
• The effects of interactive training of healthcare providers on the management of life-threatening emergencies in hospital
• The effects of using email to send test results to patients
• The effects of water compared with other solutions for wound cleansing
• The Epley manoeuvre for benign paroxysmal positional vertigo (BPPV)
• The Lund concept in the treatment of brain injuries
• The optimal warfarin dose for patients beginning therapy
• The risk of heart attack and stroke in women using birth control pills
• The use of benzodiazepines to treat adults with delirium, excluding patients being cared for in intensive care units (ICU)
• The use of computed tomography angiography (CTA) to confirm the clinical diagnosis of brain death
• The use of lower blood pressure targets for people with hypertension
• The use of respiratory support without endotracheal tube (i.e. non-invasive) in babies to manage rapid breathing (transient tachypnea of the newborn)
• The use of telephone for the delivery of HIV testing results
• Therapeutic hypothermia as a neuroprotective therapy after cardiopulmonary arrest in children
• Thiamine for prevention and treatment of Wernicke-Korsakoff syndrome in people who abuse alcohol
• Thiazides best first choice for hypertension
• Thrombolysis for treatment of acute deep vein thrombosis
• Thrombophilia testing for the prevention of recurrent venous thromboembolism
• Timing of initiation of kidney replacement therapy (dialysis) for acute kidney injury
• Tiotropium for managing COPD
• Tiotropium versus ipratropium bromide in the management of COPD
• Tissue adhesives for closure of surgical skin incisions
• Tocolytics for preterm premature rupture of membranes
• Topical antibiotics to help reduce death and respiratory infections in people in intensive care receiving mechanical ventilation
• Topical antiseptics compared with antibiotics for people with chronic suppurative otitis media
• Topical non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) for the treatment of pain in traumatic corneal abrasions
• Topical non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs for acute musculoskeletal pain in adults
• Topical treatment for facial burns
• Topical treatment with a blood-clot promoting drug to reduce bleeding
• Training healthcare providers to respond to intimate partner violence against women
• Training interventions for improving telephone consultation skills in clinicians
• Tranexamic acid for preventing bleeding after delivery
• Tranexamic acid to help treat nosebleeds (epistaxis)
• Tranexamic acid, an agent that promotes blood clotting, for serious or uncontrolled upper gastrointestinal bleeding
• Transcranial colour Doppler (TCD) and transcranial colour-coded duplex (TCCD), in patients with acute ischaemic stroke for detecting intracranial vessel occlusion or stenosis
• Transcutaneous Electrical Nerve Stimulation (TENS) to treat acute pain in adults
• Treatment for bleeding from enlarged veins in the oesophagus (food pipe) in people with advanced scarring of the liver
• Treatment for excessive bleeding after childbirth
• Treatment for superficial infusion thrombophlebitis of the upper extremity
• Treatment for superficial thrombophlebitis of the leg
• Treatment of below-the-knee deep vein thrombosis
• Treatment of epilepsy for people with Alzheimer's disease
• Treatment of hepatorenal syndrome
• Treatment of severe blunt pancreatic lesions in children
• Treatment of the cough in whooping cough
• Treatments for acute bleeds in people with acquired hemophilia A
• Treatments for acute central retinal artery occlusion (blockage of the blood supply to the retina of the eye)
• Treatments for breaks in the lower part of the thigh bone in adults
• Treatments for broken ankles in children
• Treatments for broken kneecaps in adults
• Treatments for delusional disorder
• Treatments for depression in individuals with coronary artery disease
• Treatments for fingertip entrapment injuries in children
• Treatments for high altitude (mountain) illness
• Treatments for long-lasting and painful erection of the penis in boys and men with sickle cell disease
• Treatments for preventing and treating low-back and pelvic pain during pregnancy
• Treatments through the artery versus clot-dissolving drugs for the early treatment of stroke
• Treatments to help blood clotting to improve the recovery of adults with stroke due to bleeding in the brain
• Treatments to prevent Sudden Unexpected Death in Epilepsy (SUDEP)
• Triptans for acute cluster headache
• Tube feeding in patients with acute pancreatitis
• Type of electrical shock to restart the heart in a non-hospitalised person whose heart stops beating
• Types of urethral catheters for management of short-term voiding problems in hospitalised adults
• Ultrasound (high-frequency sound waves) plus a clot-busting drug for  breaking down a blood clot blocking a blood vessel in the brain
• Ultrasound and liver function tests for the diagnosis of common bile duct stones
• Ultrasound and shockwave treatment for recently broken bones in adults
• Ultrasound guidance for injecting local anaesthetics in children to block pain transmission
• Ultrasound guidance versus anatomical landmarks for internal jugular vein catheterization
• Ultrasound guidance versus anatomical landmarks for subclavian or femoral vein catheterization
• Ultrasound to guide arterial (other than femoral) punctures and cannulation in adults
• Ultrasound use for insertion of arterial catheters in children
• Urinary alkalisation for uncomplicated urinary tract infections
• Urinary catheter policies for long-term bladder drainage
• Use of adrenaline with lidocaine for surgery on fingers and toes
• Use of capnography in emergency department patients being sedated for procedures
• Use of corticosteroids for treatment of the newborn with bacterial meningitis
• Use of fibrinogen concentrate in patients with bleeding 
• Use of inhaled nitric oxide in patients with acute respiratory failure with low blood oxygen does not improve survival
• Use of multiple versus fewer antiplatelet drugs for preventing early recurrence after stroke or transient ischaemic attack
• Use of noninvasive ventilation (a mask ventilator) holds promise as a method to make it easier to remove adults from conventional ventilators.
• Use of platelet transfusions prior to a lumbar puncture or epidural anaesthetic in people with a low platelet count
• Use of rapid point-of-care testing for strep throat to guide doctors prescribing antibiotics for sore throat in primary care settings
• Using corticosteroids to treat Kawasaki disease
• Using email for healthcare professionals to contact each other
• Using mobile technologies to promote communication and management of care between healthcare professionals
• Using oxygen at high pressure (in a compression chamber) for the treatment of broken bones
• Using oxygen at high pressure (in a compression chamber) for the treatment of individuals with severe soft tissue infection (necrotizing fasciitis)
• Using ultrasound to aid diagnosis of patients with a 'blunt' injury to the abdomen
• Uterine massage for preventing postpartum haemorrhage
• Vaccines for preventing flu in people with asthma
• Vaginal inserts for prevention of sexually transmitted infections
• Valacyclovir compared with acyclovir for the treatment of herpes zoster ophthalmicus in people with an otherwise normal immune system
• Valproate preparations for the treatment of agitated behaviour in people with dementia
• Vapocoolants (cold spray) for pain treatment during intravenous cannulation
• Varying the timing or the volume of intravenous fluids given to people with uncontrolled bleeding due to injury
• Vasopressors for hypotensive shock
• Vena caval filters for the prevention of pulmonary embolism
• Vestibular rehabilitation to improve dizziness, balance and mobility in patients with unilateral peripheral vestibular dysfunction
• Vitamin C for preventing and treating pneumonia
• Vitamin C for preventing and treating tetanus
• Vitamin C for preventing and treating the common cold
• Vitamin K antagonists or low-molecular-weight heparin for long term treatment of symptomatic blood clots
• Vitamin K for upper gastrointestinal bleeding in people with acute or chronic liver diseases
• Vitamins C and E for asthma and exercise-induced breathlessness
• Warfarin initiation nomograms of 5 mg and 10 mg for venous thromboembolism
• What are healthcare stakeholders’ perceptions and experiences of factors affecting the implementation of critical care telemedicine?
• What are the benefits and harms of antibiotics for acute bacterial conjunctivitis?
• What are the benefits and harms of different treatments for jellyfish stings?
• What are the benefits and harms of diuretics given as a first treatment compared to other drug classes for hypertension (high blood pressure)?
• What are the benefits and risks of atovaquone-proguanil for treating uncomplicated malaria caused by the Plasmodium falciparum parasite?
• What are the benefits and risks of different treatments for bacterial folliculitis and boils (inflammation of the skin around hairs)?
• What are the benefits and risks of erythromycin given before endoscopy for people with intestinal bleeding?
• What are the benefits and risks of giving corticosteroids to pregnant women at risk of premature birth?
• What are the benefits and risks of hypertonic saline solution via nebuliser for treating infants with acute bronchiolitis, compared to normal saline solution?
• What are the benefits and risks of medication reviews for hospitalised adults?
• What are the benefits and risks of treating broken heel bones with or without an operation?
• What are the benefits and risks of treating paraquat poisoning with a combination of steroids and cyclophosphamide (an anti-cancer medicine)?
• What are the benefits and risks of using virtual reality in a healthcare setting to distract children from pain?
• What are the best ways of treating adults with a fractured (broken) shoulder?
• What are the effects of antibiotics on pain and swelling caused by inflammation or infection at the root of the tooth in adults?
• What are the effects of corticosteroids on preventing postherpetic neuralgia?
• What is the best regimen of proton pump inhibitors for bleeding peptic ulcers?
• What is the diagnostic accuracy of antibody tests for the detection of infection with the COVID-19 virus?
• What is the evidence for the benefit and harms of anticoagulants for heart failure?
• What is the performance of rapid tests for the diagnosis of strep throat in children?
• What type of heart and blood vessel problems complicate COVID-19 infections, how common are they and what other medical conditions do these patients have?
• Which approaches help with recovery after a broken ankle in adults?
• Which drug is best for reducing excessive blood loss after birth?
• Which drug is best for treating excessive bleeding after childbirth?
• Which route of short-term bladder drainage is best for adults in hospital?
• Which treatments are best for symptoms in COVID-19 patients at the end of life?
• Which types of blood-thinning drugs (anticoagulants) are best to prevent blood clots in people soon after stroke?
• Xiongshao capsule preventing restenosis after percutaneous coronary intervention in patients with coronary heart disease
• Zolmitriptan for acute migraine attacks in adults

• EAR NOSE AND THROAT - STOMATOLOGY (45)
  • A spray containing ipratropium bromide administered into the nose to treat common cold symptoms
  • Acetaminophen (also called paracetamol) for the common cold in adults
  • Antibiotic use for severe toothache (irreversible pulpitis)
  • Antibiotics for acute middle ear infection (acute otitis media) in children
  • Antibiotics for adults and children with sore throats
  • Antibiotics for otitis media with effusion ('glue ear') in children
  • Antibiotics for sinus infection of short duration in adults
  • Antibiotics to treat adults with acute laryngitis
  • Antihistamines to prevent and treat motion sickness
  • Antiviral drugs for sudden hearing loss (without known cause)
  • Antiviral treatment for Bell's palsy
  • Corticosteroids as stand-alone or add-on treatment for sore throat
  • Corticosteroids for Bell's palsy
  • Decongestants, antihistamines and nasal irrigation for acute sinusitis in children
  • Different antibiotics for group A streptococcal pharyngitis
  • Do nasal decongestants used alone relieve cold symptoms?
  • Dosage intervals of amoxicillin for the treatment of acute middle ear infection
  • Drugs that prevent oral bleeding in people using oral anticoagulants undergoing minor oral surgery or dental extractions
  • Drugs to relieve pain for children with acute middle ear infection
  • Glucocorticoids for croup in children
  • Helium-oxygen (heliox) treatment for children with croup
  • Hyperbaric oxygen as an additional treatment for malignant otitis externa
  • Hyperbaric oxygen for sudden hearing loss and tinnitus (ringing in the ears) of unknown cause
  • Influenza vaccine for preventing acute otitis media (middle ear infection)
  • Interventions for treating traumatised permanent front teeth: luxated (dislodged) front teeth
  • Intranasal corticosteroids for non-allergic rhinitis
  • Modifications of the Epley manoeuvre for benign paroxysmal positional vertigo (BPPV)
  • Nasal saline irrigation for acute upper airway infection symptoms
  • Nebulized epinephrine for croup in children
  • Needle aspiration compared to incision and drainage for the treatment of peritonsillar abscess (quinsy)
  • Oral antihistamine-decongestant-analgesic combinations for the common cold
  • Pelargonium sidoides (Umckaloabo), a herbal remedy, for treating acute respiratory tract infections
  • Positive pressure therapy for Ménière's disease or syndrome
  • Sedation of children undergoing dental treatment
  • Steroidal anti-inflammatory medication given by mouth or injection for acute sinusitis
  • Steroids for acute sinusitis in adults and children
  • Steroids for the treatment of sudden hearing loss with unknown cause
  • Systemic corticosteroids for improving symptoms in children with acute middle ear infection
  • The Epley manoeuvre for benign paroxysmal positional vertigo (BPPV)
  • Topical antiseptics compared with antibiotics for people with chronic suppurative otitis media
  • Tranexamic acid to help treat nosebleeds (epistaxis)
  • Use of rapid point-of-care testing for strep throat to guide doctors prescribing antibiotics for sore throat in primary care settings
  • Vestibular rehabilitation to improve dizziness, balance and mobility in patients with unilateral peripheral vestibular dysfunction
  • What are the effects of antibiotics on pain and swelling caused by inflammation or infection at the root of the tooth in adults?
  • What is the performance of rapid tests for the diagnosis of strep throat in children?
• ANESTHESIA AND PAIN CONTROL (39)
  • ANESTHESIA (12)
    • A comparison of a local anaesthetic injection below the collarbone with other injection techniques for providing anaesthesia of the lower arm
    • Clonazepam for neuropathic pain and fibromyalgia in adults
    • Clonidine, lofexidine, and similar medications for the management of opioid withdrawal
    • Comparison of propofol (an anaesthetic drug) with other drug options for sedating people undergoing painful procedures in emergency departments
    • Comparison of two muscle relaxants, rocuronium and succinylcholine, to facilitate rapid sequence induction intubation
    • Dexmedetomidine and clonidine for long-term sedation during mechanical ventilation in critically ill patients
    • Different methods of ventilation (controlling pressure vs volume) for people with acute respiratory failure due to lung injury
    • Etomidate for sedating critically ill people during emergency endotracheal intubation
    • Lidocaine for reducing propofol-induced pain on anaesthesia in adults
    • Midazolam for sedation before procedures
    • Topical antibiotics to help reduce death and respiratory infections in people in intensive care receiving mechanical ventilation
    • Ultrasound guidance for injecting local anaesthetics in children to block pain transmission
  • PAIN CONTROL (27)
    • Caffeine as an analgesic adjuvant for acute pain in adults
    • Clonazepam for neuropathic pain and fibromyalgia in adults
    • Codeine, alone and with paracetamol (acetaminophen), for cancer pain
    • Do painkillers rubbed on the skin really work?
    • Drug treatments for pain in children and young people with life-limiting conditions
    • Drugs other than those used for epilepsy for treating trigeminal neuralgia
    • Haloperidol for the treatment of nausea and vomiting in palliative care patients
    • How can caregivers manage pain in infants and young children undergoing painful procedures?
    • Intranasal fentanyl for the treatment of children in acute pain
    • Local anaesthesia (numbing medicine) that is directly applied to the skin can provide pain control for repair of skin lacerations
    • Local and regional anaesthesia at the time of surgery to prevent longer-term persistent pain after surgery
    • Medically assisted hydration to assist palliative care patients
    • Morphine for neuropathic pain in adults
    • Oral nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) for neuropathic pain in adults
    • Oral painkillers available without prescription for acute pain
    • Sedation medication for relieving symptoms at the end of life
    • Skin-to-skin care with newborns cuts down procedural pain
    • Sucrose for analgesia (pain relief) in newborn infants undergoing heel lance
    • Sucrose for analgesia (pain relief) in newborn infants undergoing painful procedures
    • Sweet taste to ease injection needle pain in children aged one to 16 years
    • Topical non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs for acute musculoskeletal pain in adults
    • Transcutaneous Electrical Nerve Stimulation (TENS) to treat acute pain in adults
    • Treatments for high altitude (mountain) illness
    • Vapocoolants (cold spray) for pain treatment during intravenous cannulation
    • What are the benefits and harms of different treatments for jellyfish stings?
    • What are the benefits and risks of using virtual reality in a healthcare setting to distract children from pain?
    • What are the effects of corticosteroids on preventing postherpetic neuralgia?
• BLOOD DISORDERS AND CANCER (36)
  • CANCER (8)
    • Antibiotics to prevent bacterial infections due to chemotherapy in cancer patients with a low white blood cell count and no fever
    • Calcitonin used to treat metastatic bone pain
    • Corticosteroids for the management of cancer-related breathlessness in adults with cancer
    • Early palliative care for adults with advanced cancer
    • Oral antibiotics for treating febrile neutropenia in cancer patients at low risk for complications
    • Outpatient treatment for cancer patient with low-risk febrile neutropaenic event is effective.
    • Spectrum of the initial antibiotic treatment for cancer patients with fever and low leucocytes counts
    • Stopping antibiotic therapy early versus continuing until normal neutrophil count in people with cancer with fever and low neutrophil counts
  • SICKLE CELL DISEASE (14)
    • Antibiotics for treating acute chest syndrome in people with sickle cell disease
    • Antibiotics for treating osteomyelitis in people with sickle cell disease
    • Antibiotics for treating pneumonia caught outside of hospital or care homes in people with sickle cell disease
    • Blood transfusions for people with sickle cell disease before they undergo surgery
    • Blood transfusions for treating acute chest syndrome in people with sickle cell disease
    • Hydroxyurea (also known as hydroxycarbamide) for people with sickle cell disease
    • Inhaled drugs for opening up the airways in cases of acute chest syndrome in people with sickle cell disease
    • Inhaled nitric oxide for treating pain crises in people with sickle cell disease
    • Long-term blood transfusions to prevent a stroke in people with sickle cell disease
    • Low-molecular-weight heparins for pain caused by obstruction of blood vessels in people with sickle cell disease
    • Magnesium for treating sickle cell disease
    • Piracetam for reducing the incidence of painful sickle cell disease crises
    • Replacing fluids to treat acute episodes of pain in people with sickle cell disease
    • Treatments for long-lasting and painful erection of the penis in boys and men with sickle cell disease
  • BLOOD DISORDERS-OTHER (14)
    • Alternative or additional agents to platelet transfusions to prevent bleeding in people with blood cancers receiving intensive treatment
    • Antibiotics to prevent bacterial infections due to chemotherapy in cancer patients with a low white blood cell count and no fever
    • Antifibrinolytics (tranexamic acid and epsilon-aminocaproic acid) to prevent bleeding in people with low platelets due to bone marrow failure
    • Different doses of platelet transfusion for preventing bleeding in people with low platelet counts due to treatment-induced bone marrow failure
    • Is it safe to use lower blood counts (haemoglobin levels) as a trigger for blood transfusion in order to give fewer blood transfusions?
    • Plasma transfusions prior to insertion of lumbar puncture needles for people with abnormal coagulation
    • Platelet transfusion before surgery for people with low platelet counts
    • Platelet transfusions are used to prevent bleeding in patients with low platelet counts due to treatment-induced bone marrow failure
    • Platelet transfusions are used to prevent bleeding in people with low platelet counts due to treatment-induced bone marrow failure
    • Platelet transfusions to treat bleeding compared with platelet transfusions to prevent bleeding in people with blood cancers receiving intensive treatment
    • Prothrombin complex concentrate for reversal of vitamin K antagonist treatment in bleeding and non-bleeding patients
    • Recombinant (non-human) factor VIIa clotting factor concentrates versus plasma concentrates for acute bleeds in people with haemophilia and inhibitors
    • The optimal warfarin dose for patients beginning therapy
    • Treatments for acute bleeds in people with acquired hemophilia A
• EDUCATION (11)
  • EDUCATION-OTHER (9)
    • Do education and training programs reduce aggressive behavior toward healthcare workers?
    • How can communication about the end of life and care in the last 12 months of life be improved?
    • Interventions to promote informed consent for patients undergoing surgical and other invasive healthcare procedures
    • Printed educational materials for healthcare professional practice and patient health
    • Screening women for intimate partner violence in healthcare settings
    • The effects of interactive training of healthcare providers on the management of life-threatening emergencies in hospital
    • Training healthcare providers to respond to intimate partner violence against women
    • Training interventions for improving telephone consultation skills in clinicians
    • What are the benefits and risks of medication reviews for hospitalised adults?
  • SIMULATION (2)
    • Educational games to improve health care professional practice and care for patients
    • Simulation-based obstetric team training to improve the overall outcome of obstetric health care
• EMERGENCY MEDICAL SYSTEM (EMS) MANAGEMENT - PUBLIC HEALTH - LEGAL MEDICINE (22)
  • EMERGENCY MEDICAL SYSTEM MANAGEMENT (18)
    • Are interventions to improve clinical incidence reporting effective?
    • Audit and feedback: effects on professional practice and patient outcomes
    • Comparing walk-in clinics to physician offices and emergency rooms
    • Discharge planning from hospital
    • Health workers' perceptions and experiences of using mHealth technologies to deliver primary healthcare services: a qualitative evidence synthesis
    • Helicopter emergency medical services for adults with major trauma
    • Home-based end-of-life care
    • How effective are military and frontline emergency service personnel pre-deployment resilience building programmes?
    • Improving how physicians working in hospital settings prescribe antibiotics
    • Mindfulness for improving mental well-being in medical students and junior doctors
    • Mobile phone messaging for communicating results of medical investigations
    • Primary care professionals providing non-urgent care in hospital emergency departments
    • Programmes, policies and work practices that reduce aggression by patients towards healthcare workers
    • The effect of automatically generated reminders delivered to providers on paper on quality of care and patient outcomes
    • The effects of using email to send test results to patients
    • Using email for healthcare professionals to contact each other
    • Using mobile technologies to promote communication and management of care between healthcare professionals
    • What are healthcare stakeholders’ perceptions and experiences of factors affecting the implementation of critical care telemedicine?
  • LEGAL MEDICINE (0)
  • PUBLIC HEALTH (4)
    • Adult patient access to electronic health records
    • Conflicts of interest and recommendations in clinical guidelines, advisory committee reports, opinion pieces, and narrative reviews
    • Does cleaning hands with ash stop or reduce the spread of viral and bacterial infections compared with soap or other materials?
    • Patient-initiated appointments for people with chronic conditions managed in hospital outpatient settings
• ETHICS - RESEARCH (9)
  • ETHICS (0)
  • RESEARCH (9)
    • Audio-visual presentation of information used in the informed consent process for people considering entering clinical trials
    • Bias due to selective inclusion and reporting of outcomes and analyses in systematic reviews of randomised trials of healthcare interventions
    • Comparison of central adjudication of outcomes and onsite outcome assessment on treatment effect estimates
    • CONsolidated Standards Of Reporting Trials (CONSORT) and the completeness of reporting of randomised controlled trials published in medical journals
    • Full publication of results initially presented in abstracts
    • How similar are estimates of treatment effectiveness derived from randomised controlled trials and observational studies?
    • Industry sponsorship and research outcome
    • New treatments versus established treatments in randomized trials
    • Search strategies to identify diagnostic accuracy studies in MEDLINE and EMBASE
• ENDOCRINE AND METABOLIC (6)
  • DIABETES (5)
    • Alginate dressings for healing foot ulcers in people with diabetes mellitus
    • Antibiotics to treat foot infections in people with diabetes
    • First aid glucose administration routes for symptomatic hypoglycaemia
    • Hydrocolloid dressings to promote foot ulcer healing in people with diabetes when compared with other dressing types
    • Subcutaneous rapid-acting insulin analogues for diabetic ketoacidosis
  • ENDOCRINE AND METABOLIC-OTHER (1)
    • Clinical symptoms, signs and tests for identification of impending and current water-loss dehydration in older people
• GASTROENTEROLOGY (41)
  • DIGESTIVE BLEEDING (10)
    • Antifibrinolytic amino acids for upper gastrointestinal bleeding in people with acute or chronic liver disease
    • Band ligation versus no intervention for primary prevention of upper gastrointestinal bleeding in people with cirrhosis and oesophageal varices
    • Banding ligation versus beta-blockers for primary prevention in oesophageal varices in adults
    • Proton pump inhibitor treatment started before endoscopy in upper gastrointestinal bleeding
    • Somatostatin analogues for acute bleeding oesophageal varices
    • Tranexamic acid, an agent that promotes blood clotting, for serious or uncontrolled upper gastrointestinal bleeding
    • Treatment for bleeding from enlarged veins in the oesophagus (food pipe) in people with advanced scarring of the liver
    • Vitamin K for upper gastrointestinal bleeding in people with acute or chronic liver diseases
    • What are the benefits and risks of erythromycin given before endoscopy for people with intestinal bleeding?
    • What is the best regimen of proton pump inhibitors for bleeding peptic ulcers?
  • HEPATITIS (1)
    • Glucocorticosteroids for people with alcoholic hepatitis
  • GASTROENTEROLOGY-OTHER (30)
    • Antibiotic therapy for Clostridium difficile-associated diarrhoea in adults
    • Antibiotic treatment for spontaneous bacterial peritonitis in people with advanced liver disease
    • Antibiotics for non-typhoidal Salmonella diarrhoea
    • Antibiotics for uncomplicated diverticulitis
    • Balanced crystalloid solutions versus 0.9% saline for severely dehydrated children with acute diarrhoea
    • Blood and urine tests for the diagnosis of acute pancreatitis (sudden inflammation of pancreas)
    • Blood tests for the diagnosis of pancreatic necrosis (pancreatic destruction due to inflammation of pancreas)
    • Branched-chain amino acids improve symptoms of hepatic encephalopathy
    • Cephalosporin antibiotics for the treatment of enteric fever (typhoid fever)
    • Drug treatments that specifically target ammonia for adults with cirrhosis and hepatic encephalopathy
    • Early or delayed surgical removal of the appendix: which works better to treat an appendiceal mass (lump on the appendix)?
    • Flumazenil versus placebo or no intervention for people with cirrhosis and hepatic encephalopathy
    • Food-based oral rehydration solution for acute diarrhoea
    • How accurate is computed tomography for the diagnosis of acute appendicitis in adults?
    • Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) for diagnosis of acute appendicitis
    • Managing acute lower abdominal pain in women of childbearing age
    • Medical treatment for people with acute pancreatitis (sudden inflammation of the pancreas)
    • Medicines in the treatment of emergency department nausea and vomiting
    • Metoclopramide for accurate placement of naso-enteral feeding tube
    • N-acetylcysteine for acute liver failure not caused by paracetamol overdose
    • Non-steroid anti-inflammatory drugs for biliary colic
    • Opioids for abdominal pain in acute pancreatitis
    • Oral zinc supplementation for treating diarrhoea in children
    • Phlebotonics for haemorrhoids
    • Psychosocial therapy for recurrent abdominal pain in childhood
    • Short-term treatment with medications for heartburn symptoms
    • The effect of removing or reducing lactose from milk in young children with acute diarrhoea
    • Treatment of hepatorenal syndrome
    • Tube feeding in patients with acute pancreatitis
    • Ultrasound and liver function tests for the diagnosis of common bile duct stones
• GERIATRICS (0)
• HEART AND CIRCULATION (108)
  • ARYTHMIA (8)
    • Adenosine versus intravenous calcium channel antagonists for tachycardia in adults
    • Antiarrhythmics for maintaining sinus rhythm (normal heartbeat) after reversing atrial fibrillation (correcting an irregular heartbeat)
    • Benefits and harms of ablation for people with non-paroxysmal atrial fibrillation
    • Comparing two types of blood-thinning drugs, factor Xa inhibitors and vitamin K antagonists, to prevent blood clots in people with atrial fibrillation
    • Direct oral anticoagulants for prevention of stroke in atrial fibrillation patients with chronic kidney disease
    • Direct thrombin inhibitors compared with vitamin K antagonists in people with atrial fibrillation for preventing stroke
    • Screening people over 65 years of age for atrial fibrillation increases the rate of detection
    • The effectiveness of the Valsalva Manoeuvre for stopping an abnormal heart rhythm
  • CARDIAC ARREST (12)
    • Active compression-decompression using a hand-held device for emergency heart massage
    • Adrenaline and vasopressin for cardiac arrest
    • Aminophylline for cardiac arrest
    • Community first responders for out-of-hospital cardiac arrest in adults and children
    • Continuous chest compression versus interrupted chest compression for cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR) of non-asphyxial out-of-hospital cardiac arrest (OHCA)
    • Cooling the body after resuscitation following cardiac arrest
    • Family presence during resuscitation
    • Lower versus higher oxygen concentrations titrated to target oxygen saturations during resuscitation of preterm infants at birth
    • Mechanical chest compression machines for cardiac arrest
    • Should patients experiencing sudden cardiac death be cooled to lower their body temperature prior to or after admission to hospital?
    • Therapeutic hypothermia as a neuroprotective therapy after cardiopulmonary arrest in children
    • Type of electrical shock to restart the heart in a non-hospitalised person whose heart stops beating
  • DEEP VEIN THROMBOSIS (18)
    • Are direct oral anticoagulants (a type of 'blood thinner') better than conventional anticoagulation for treating people with a blood clot in a deep vein? 
    • Are inflatable sleeves and medication effective to prevent deep vein thrombosis and pulmonary embolism after surgery?
    • Blood thinners for the initial treatment of blood clots in people with cancer
    • Fixed daily dose of a low molecular weight heparin compared with an adjusted dose of unfractionated heparin for treating blood clots in the deep veins
    • Harms and benefits of dissolving blood clots in deep blood vessels in the arms
    • Home versus in-patient treatment for deep vein blood clots
    • Interventions to increase the use of measures to prevent the development of blood clots in hospitalized medical and surgical patients
    • Length of treatment with vitamin K antagonists and prevention of recurrence in patients with venous thromboembolism
    • Once versus twice daily injections of low molecular weight heparin for the initial treatment of blood clots in the veins
    • Pentasaccharides for the treatment of deep vein thrombosis
    • Pharmacomechanical thrombectomy for iliofemoral deep vein thrombosis
    • Subcutaneous unfractionated heparin for the initial treatment of venous thromboembolism
    • Thrombolysis for treatment of acute deep vein thrombosis
    • Thrombophilia testing for the prevention of recurrent venous thromboembolism
    • Treatment for superficial infusion thrombophlebitis of the upper extremity
    • Treatment of below-the-knee deep vein thrombosis
    • Vitamin K antagonists or low-molecular-weight heparin for long term treatment of symptomatic blood clots
    • Warfarin initiation nomograms of 5 mg and 10 mg for venous thromboembolism
  • HEART FAILURE (9)
    • A breathing intervention for shortness of breath due to heart failure
    • Antiplatelet versus anticoagulation treatment for patients with heart failure in sinus rhythm
    • B-type natriuretic peptide-guided treatment for heart failure patients
    • Digitalis for treatment of heart failure in patients in sinus rhythm
    • Disease management programmes for heart failure
    • Fluid removal therapy in acute heart failure
    • Natriuretic peptide-guided treatment for preventing death and cardiovascular events among patients with risk factors for heart disease
    • Nitrates for acute heart failure syndromes
    • What is the evidence for the benefit and harms of anticoagulants for heart failure?
  • HYPERTENSION (12)
    • Antiplatelet agents and anticoagulants for high blood pressure (hypertension)
    • Benefits of antihypertensive drugs for mild hypertension are unclear
    • Beta-blockers for hypertension
    • Blood pressure targets in people with cardiovascular disease
    • Calcium channel blockers versus other classes of drugs for hypertension
    • Does using low-sodium salt substitutes (LSSS) instead of regular salt reduce blood pressure and heart disease risks, and is it safe?
    • Partial agonists for the treatment of high blood pressure.
    • Renin angiotensin system inhibitors versus other types of medicine for hypertension
    • Stopping blood pressure medications in older people
    • The use of lower blood pressure targets for people with hypertension
    • Thiazides best first choice for hypertension
    • What are the benefits and harms of diuretics given as a first treatment compared to other drug classes for hypertension (high blood pressure)?
  • MYOCARDIAL ISCHEMIA/CORONARY DISEASE (15)
    • Are stem cells taken from a person's bone marrow and delivered to their heart a safe and effective treatment following a heart attack?
    • Benefits and harms of drug-eluting versus bare-metal stents in people with acute coronary syndrome
    • Beta-blockers versus placebo or no intervention for patients with suspected or diagnosed myocardial infarction
    • Coronary artery bypass surgery performed with versus without cardiac arrest and cardiopulmonary bypass in patients with ischaemic heart disease
    • Delivering clot-busting therapy before reaching hospital or in hospital to help people who are having heart attacks
    • Does hyperbaric oxygen therapy improve outcome after heart attack?
    • Drugs used as add-on therapy to heart procedure following heart attack
    • Inotropic and vasodilator strategies in people with cardiogenic shock or low cardiac output
    • Intra-aortic balloon counterpulsation in patients with acute myocardial infarction and cardiogenic shock
    • Platelet glycoprotein IIb/IIIa blockers during percutaneous coronary intervention and as the initial treatment of acute coronary syndromes
    • Prophylactic lidocaine for myocardial infarction
    • Routine invasive versus conservative strategies for unstable angina and non-ST elevation myocardial infarction in the stent era
    • Routine use of oxygen in people who have had a heart attack
    • Treatments for depression in individuals with coronary artery disease
    • Xiongshao capsule preventing restenosis after percutaneous coronary intervention in patients with coronary heart disease
  • HEART AND CIRCULATION-OTHER (24)
    • Antithrombin III for critically ill patients
    • Are direct oral anticoagulants (a type of 'blood thinner') better than traditional anticoagulants for treating a pulmonary embolism (a blood clot in the lung)?
    • Buffered solutions versus 0.9% saline for resuscitation in critically ill adults and children
    • Colloids or crystalloids for fluid replacement in critically ill people
    • D-dimer for excluding pulmonary embolism in hospital outpatient and accident and emergency populations
    • Drugs to dissolve pulmonary embolism (blood clot in the lungs)
    • Endovascular treatment for ruptured abdominal aortic aneurysm
    • Extracorporeal (external to the body) membrane oxygenation (ECMO) for critically ill adults
    • Fludrocortisone for the treatment of orthostatic hypotension
    • Fluids for hydration in children
    • Giving glutamine supplements to critically ill adults
    • Hormone treatment may be ineffective in treating people with viral myocarditis
    • Immunoglobulin treatment for Kawasaki disease
    • Inotropic and vasodilator strategies in people with cardiogenic shock or low cardiac output
    • Is home or hospital treatment better for people with blood clots in the lungs?
    • Loop diuretics cause modest blood pressure lowering
    • Mechanical heart pumps to aid a heart that fails suddenly
    • Minimally invasive treatments to dissolve blood clots in the lungs (acute pulmonary embolism)
    • Surgery for small abdominal aortic aneurysms that do not cause symptoms
    • Systematic review of randomised controlled trials about the efficacy and safety of colchicine in people with pericarditis
    • Treatment for superficial thrombophlebitis of the leg
    • Use of fibrinogen concentrate in patients with bleeding 
    • Vasopressors for hypotensive shock
    • Vena caval filters for the prevention of pulmonary embolism
  • VASCULAR DISEASES PERIPHERAL AND CENTRAL ACCESS - SHOCK (10)
    • Central venous access sites to prevent venous blood clots, blood vessel narrowing, and infection
    • Controlled hypotension versus normotensive resuscitation strategy for people with ruptured abdominal aortic aneurysm
    • Do blood thinners prevent blood clots in children who are treated using central lines?
    • Does heparin locking prevent blocking of central venous catheters in adults when compared to locking with normal saline?
    • Drug treatment for small abdominal aortic aneurysms
    • Drugs to break down blood clots for people with sudden onset peripheral arterial occlusion
    • Intravenous naftidrofuryl for treating critical limb ischaemia
    • Is ultrasound guidance a good option for peripheral intravenous cannulation in adults?
    • Surgery versus thrombolysis for the initial management of acute limb ischaemia
    • Treatment for superficial thrombophlebitis of the leg
• GYNECOLOGY - PREGNANCY AND CHILD BIRTH (53)
  • Anaesthesia or analgesia during the manual removal of a retained placenta
  • Anti-D administration after spontaneous miscarriage for preventing Rhesus alloimmunisation
  • Antibiotics for mastitis in breastfeeding women
  • Antibiotics for rupture of membranes when a pregnant women is at or near term but not in labour
  • Antibiotics for treating bacterial vaginosis in pregnancy
  • Antifibrinolytic drugs to treat heavy bleeding after childbirth
  • Antifibrinolytics (such as tranexamic acid) for treatment of heavy menstrual bleeding
  • Antiplatelet agents for preventing pre-eclampsia and its complications
  • Antispasmodics for labour
  • Are medicines that delay the start of labour (tocolytics) effective for delaying preterm birth?
  • Are non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs safe and effective for treating heavy menstrual bleeding?
  • Calcium channel blockers for inhibiting preterm labour and birth
  • Carbetocin for preventing postpartum haemorrhage
  • Cervical assessment by ultrasound for preventing preterm delivery
  • Combinations of tocolytic drugs for inhibiting preterm labour
  • Duration of treatment for asymptomatic bacteriuria during pregnancy
  • Early skin-to-skin contact for mothers and their healthy newborn infants
  • Inhaled analgesia for relieving pain during labour
  • Interventions for nausea and vomiting in early pregnancy
  • Interventions for treating severe nausea and vomiting during pregnancy (hyperemesis gravidarum)
  • Intravenous fluids for preventing prolonged labour in women giving birth to their first baby
  • Is it safer to deliver a baby immediately or wait if the mother has high blood pressure after 34 weeks of pregnancy that is not persistently severe?
  • Management of intussusception in children
  • Mechanical and surgical interventions for treating women with severe bleeding after childbirth
  • Medical therapies for treating heavy menstrual bleeding in women with bleeding disorders
  • Medications for reducing contractions during labour for excessively strong/frequent contractions or where the unborn baby is thought to be distressed
  • Methods of emergency contraception
  • Newborn resuscitation training programmes for improving the health and survival of newborns
  • Non-opioid drugs for managing pain in labour
  • Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs for dysmenorrhoea
  • Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs for management of pain in women with endometriosis
  • Oxytocin for preventing postpartum haemorrhage in non-facility birth settings
  • Oxytocin injected into a vein or muscle for reducing blood loss after vaginal birth
  • Oxytocin receptor antagonists for inhibiting preterm labour
  • Paracetamol (acetaminophen) for prevention or treatment of pain in newborns
  • Paracetamol for relief of perineal pain after birth
  • Repeated use of hormonal drugs right before or after sex to prevent pregnancy
  • Routine vaginal examinations in labour
  • Scanning imaging techniques for the exclusion of pulmonary embolism during pregnancy
  • Selective versus routine use of episiotomy for vaginal birth
  • Specialist teams for neonatal transport to neonatal intensive care units for prevention of morbidity and mortality
  • Terbutaline pump maintenance therapy after threatened preterm labour for reducing adverse neonatal outcomes
  • The effectiveness of blood testing in the management of pyelonephritis in pregnancy for improving outcomes
  • The risk of heart attack and stroke in women using birth control pills
  • The use of respiratory support without endotracheal tube (i.e. non-invasive) in babies to manage rapid breathing (transient tachypnea of the newborn)
  • Tocolytics for preterm premature rupture of membranes
  • Tranexamic acid for preventing bleeding after delivery
  • Treatment for excessive bleeding after childbirth
  • Treatments for preventing and treating low-back and pelvic pain during pregnancy
  • Uterine massage for preventing postpartum haemorrhage
  • What are the benefits and risks of giving corticosteroids to pregnant women at risk of premature birth?
  • Which drug is best for reducing excessive blood loss after birth?
  • Which drug is best for treating excessive bleeding after childbirth?
• INFECTIOUS DISEASES (98)
  • ANTIBIOTICS (4)
    • A single beta lactam antibiotic versus a beta lactam-aminoglycoside combination for patients with severe infection
    • Alternative dosing strategies for intravenous antibiotics to treat severe infections
    • Antibiotic treatment for asymptomatic bacteriuria
    • Antibiotics to treat suspected cases meningitis due to infection with meningococcus before confirmation of diagnosis
  • COVID-19 (32)
    • Are antibiotics an effective treatment for COVID-19 and do they cause unwanted effects?
    • Are corticosteroids (anti-inflammatory medicines) given orally or by injection an effective treatment for people with COVID-19?
    • Are digital contact tracing technologies effective during infectious disease outbreaks?
    • Are inhaled corticosteroids an effective treatment for people with mild COVID-19?
    • Are laboratory-made COVID-19-specific monoclonal antibodies effective to prevent COVID-19 in adults?
    • Are laboratory-made, COVID-19-specific monoclonal antibodies an effective treatment for COVID-19?
    • Are medicines that block interleukin‐1 (a protein involved in immune responses) effective treatments for COVID‐19 and do they cause unwanted effects?
    • Are systemic Janus kinase inhibitors an effective treatment for people with COVID-19?
    • Can international travel-related control measures contain the spread of the COVID-19 pandemic?
    • Chances of developing blood clots for people who have COVID-19 and are taking hormonal birth control compared to people not taking hormonal birth control
    • Do blood thinners prevent people who are hospitalised with COVID-19 from developing blood clots?
    • Factors that influence whether healthcare workers follow infection prevention and control guidelines for respiratory infectious diseases
    • Fluvoxamine for treating COVID-19
    • How accurate are rapid antigen tests for diagnosing COVID-19?
    • How accurate are routine laboratory tests for diagnosis of COVID-19?
    • How accurate are symptoms and medical examination to diagnose COVID-19?
    • How accurate is chest imaging for diagnosing COVID-19?
    • How effective is screening for COVID-19?
    • Immunity in vulnerable groups after COVID-19 vaccination
    • Interventions for the treatment of persistent smell disorders (olfactory dysfunction) after COVID-19 infection
    • Is chloroquine or hydroxychloroquine useful in treating people with COVID-19, or in preventing infection in people who have been exposed to the virus?
    • Is colchicine an effective treatment for people with COVID-19?
    • Is plasma from the blood of people who have recovered from COVID-19 an effective treatment for other people with COVID-19?
    • Is the combination of nirmatrelvir plus ritonavir effective for treating or preventing COVID-19?
    • Is vitamin D an effective and safe treatment for COVID-19?
    • Ivermectin for preventing and treating COVID-19
    • Prophylactic blood thinners for the prevention of death and venous thromboembolism in COVID-19 outpatients
    • Protective clothes and equipment for healthcare workers to prevent them catching coronavirus and other highly infectious diseases
    • Remdesivir to treat people with COVID-19
    • What is the diagnostic accuracy of antibody tests for the detection of infection with the COVID-19 virus?
    • What type of heart and blood vessel problems complicate COVID-19 infections, how common are they and what other medical conditions do these patients have?
    • Which treatments are best for symptoms in COVID-19 patients at the end of life?
  • HIV/AIDS (2)
    • Antiretroviral pre-exposure prophylaxis (PrEP) for preventing HIV in high-risk individuals
    • The use of telephone for the delivery of HIV testing results
  • INFECTIOUS DISEASES-OTHER (35)
    • Adjustment of antimicrobial agents for adults with sepsis, severe sepsis or septic shock
    • Antibiotic therapy for the treatment of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA)-infected or colonised non surgical wounds
    • Antibiotics for covert bacteriuria in children
    • Antibiotics for the common cold, an infection of the upper respiratory tract
    • Antibiotics for the treatment of leptospirosis
    • Antibiotics for treating human brucellosis
    • Antibiotics to treat suspected cases meningitis due to infection with meningococcus before confirmation of diagnosis
    • Antiepileptic drugs for the primary and secondary prevention of seizures in viral encephalitis
    • Antihistamines for the common cold
    • Automated monitoring for the early detection of sepsis in patients receiving care in intensive care units
    • Bathing critically ill patients with chlorhexidine to prevent hospital-acquired infections
    • Corticosteroids for the treatment of parasitic eosinophilic meningitis
    • Corticosteroids for treating sepsis
    • Different fluid therapy strategies for sepsis and septic shock
    • Echinacea for preventing and treating the common cold
    • Garlic for the common cold
    • Heated, humidified air for the common cold
    • How accurate are nucleic and antigen detection tests in diagnosing leptospirosis?
    • Human recombinant activated protein C for severe sepsis and septic shock in adult and paediatric patients
    • Intravenous immunoglobulins for treating patients with severe sepsis and septic shock
    • Intravenous N-acetylcysteine compared to placebo for treatment of systemic inflammatory response syndrome and sepsis in seriously ill adults
    • Levels of interleukin-6 in identifying severely ill adult patients with sepsis
    • Non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs for the common cold
    • Oral antihistamine-decongestant-analgesic combinations for the common cold
    • Procalcitonin evaluation for reducing mortality in adults with sepsis
    • Rapid diagnostic tests for plague
    • Smectite for treating children with acute diarrhoea
    • Steroids for short-term symptom control in infectious mononucleosis (glandular fever)
    • Steroids for the common cold
    • Substituting or adding fluoroquinolones to established first-line antituberculous drug regimens gives no additional benefit or risks
    • The accuracy of rapid diagnostic tests for detecting typhoid and paratyphoid (enteric) fever
    • The effect of short duration versus standard duration antibiotic therapy for streptococcal throat infection in children
    • Use of corticosteroids for treatment of the newborn with bacterial meningitis
    • Vitamin C for preventing and treating tetanus
    • Vitamin C for preventing and treating the common cold
  • INFLUENZA (6)
    • Amantadine and rimantadine to prevent and treat influenza A in children and the elderly
    • Chinese medicinal herbs for influenza
    • Homeopathic Oscillococcinum® for preventing and treating influenza and influenza-like illness
    • Neuraminidase inhibitors for preventing and treating influenza in children
    • Regulatory information on trials of oseltamivir (Tamiflu) and zanamivir (Relenza) for influenza in adults and children
    • Steroids for the treatment of influenza
  • SEXUALLY TRANSMITTED DISEASES (3)
    • Antiviral medication for the treatment of infectious mononucleosis (glandular fever)
    • Azithromycin versus penicillin G benzathine for early syphilis
    • Vaginal inserts for prevention of sexually transmitted infections
  • TROPICAL DISEASES (16)
    • Administering antimalarial drugs to prevent malaria in infants
    • Antibiotics for treating cholera
    • Antipyretic measures for treating fever in malaria
    • Artemether injection for treating people with severe malaria
    • Artemisinin-based combination therapy (ACT) for treating non-severe malaria due to Plasmodium vivax
    • Artemisinin-naphthoquine for treating uncomplicated Plasmodium falciparum malaria
    • Artesunate reduces death from severe malaria
    • Can mefloquine prevent malaria during travel to areas where the disease is widespread?
    • Corticosteroids for treating dengue infection in children and adults
    • Mefloquine for preventing malaria in pregnant women
    • Pyronaridine-artesunate for treating uncomplicated Plasmodium falciparum malaria
    • Rapid diagnostic tests for visceral leishmaniasis
    • Rapid diagnostic tests versus clinical diagnosis for managing fever in settings where malaria is common
    • Rapid tests for diagnosing malaria caused by in people living in areas where malaria is very common
    • Rapid tests for diagnosing malaria caused by Plasmodium vivax or other less common parasites
    • What are the benefits and risks of atovaquone-proguanil for treating uncomplicated malaria caused by the Plasmodium falciparum parasite?
• LUNGS AND AIRWAYS (110)
  • ASTHMA (31)
    • Addition of intravenous beta2-agonists to inhaled beta2-agonists for acute asthma
    • Anti-leukotriene agents compared to inhaled corticosteroids for people with asthma
    • Anticholinergic therapy for acute asthma in children
    • Are antibiotics a safe and effective additional treatment for asthma exacerbations?
    • Are inhaled anticholinergics added to β2-agonists beneficial in children hospitalised with acute asthma?
    • Asthma reliever inhalers (beta2-agonists) used for exercise-induced asthma and exercise-induced bronchoconstriction
    • Can exhaled nitric oxide be used to adjust asthma medications in children with asthma?
    • Combined beta-agonists and anticholinergics compared to beta-agonists alone for adults with asthma treated in emergency departments
    • Different doses and durations of oral steroids for asthma attacks
    • Do magnesium sulfate infusions reduce the need for hospital admission in adults with acute asthma?
    • Do magnesium sulfate infusions reduce the need for hospital admission in children with acute asthma?
    • Does adding antileukotriene agents to usual care when people are suffering an asthma attack in the emergency department help?
    • Does an aminophylline injection in addition to bronchodilators for an asthma attack improve lung function and other outcomes or cause harm?
    • Early use of inhaled corticosteroids in the emergency department treatment of acute asthma
    • Holding chambers (spacers) versus nebulisers for delivery of beta-agonist relievers in the treatment of an asthma attack
    • In people with asthma are single inhalers that contain both formoterol and budesonide better than current best practice?
    • Increasing the dose of inhaled steroids or continuing the usual dose to treat asthma attacks in adults and children
    • Inhaled corticosteroids for acute asthma following emergency department discharge
    • Interventions for acute severe asthma attacks in children: an overview of Cochrane Reviews
    • Interventions for managing asthma in pregnancy
    • Intramuscular versus oral corticosteroids for acute asthma
    • Intravenous beta2-agonists and intravenous aminophylline for acute asthma
    • Is inhaled magnesium sulfate a safe and effective treatment for people with asthma attacks?
    • Is taking inhaled corticosteroids only when asthma symptoms get worse as safe and effective as taking inhaled corticosteroids every day?
    • Non-invasive positive pressure ventilation for treatment of respiratory failure due to severe acute exacerbations of asthma
    • Oral corticosteroid treatment started by patients or parents during a severe asthma attack
    • Regular treatment with formoterol and inhaled steroids for chronic asthma: serious adverse events
    • Role of ketamine for management of acute severe asthma in children
    • Sublingual immunotherapy for asthma
    • Vaccines for preventing flu in people with asthma
    • Vitamins C and E for asthma and exercise-induced breathlessness
  • COPD (18)
    • Airway clearance techniques for chronic obstructive pulmonary disease
    • Are antibiotics beneficial for flare-ups of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease?
    • Are shorter courses of systemic steroids as effective as conventional longer courses in the treatment of patients with flare-ups of COPD?
    • Are tiotropium plus combination inhalers better than tiotropium or combination inhalers alone for the treatment of COPD?
    • Combined inhalers compared to tiotropium inhalers for the treatment of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease
    • Combined inhalers versus placebo for the treatment of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD)
    • Do people recover from exacerbations of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) better in their own home than in the hospital emergency room?
    • Do systemic corticosteroids improve treatment outcomes in flare-ups of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease?
    • In stable COPD, should inhaled corticosteroids be used with combination long-acting beta2-agonist/long-acting muscarinic antagonist inhalers?
    • Inhaled corticosteroids compared with placebo for stable chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD)
    • Is magnesium sulfate effective for chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) flare-ups?
    • Long-acting beta2-agonists for people with COPD
    • Mucolytic agents for chronic bronchitis or chronic obstructive pulmonary disease
    • Non-invasive ventilation for people with respiratory failure due to exacerbation of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD)
    • Oxygen therapy in the pre-hospital setting for sudden worsening of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease
    • Prophylactic antibiotics for people with COPD
    • Tiotropium for managing COPD
    • Tiotropium versus ipratropium bromide in the management of COPD
  • LUNGS AND AIRWAYS-OTHER (61)
    • A gentler form of mechanical breathing for people affected by severe lung failure
    • Acetylcysteine and carbocysteine to treat acute upper and lower respiratory tract infections in children without chronic broncho-pulmonary disease
    • Airway clearance techniques in bronchiectasis
    • Antibiotic treatment for people with acute bronchitis
    • Antibiotic treatment for Stenotrophomonas maltophilia in people with cystic fibrosis
    • Antibiotics for bronchiolitis in children under two years of age
    • Antibiotics for common respiratory infections with unclear causes and undifferentiated symptoms in children up to five years of age
    • Antibiotics for community-acquired pneumonia in adolescent and adult outpatients
    • Antibiotics for persistent cough or wheeze following acute bronchiolitis in children
    • Antibiotics to treat respiratory infections caused by the bacteria Mycoplasma pneumoniae in children
    • Anticoagulant treatment for subsegmental pulmonary embolism
    • Antifibrinolytic therapy to reduce haemoptysis
    • Approaches to guiding oxygen therapy in adult intensive care patients with acute respiratory distress syndrome
    • Azithromycin for acute lower respiratory tract infections
    • Beta2-agonist drugs for treating cough or a clinical diagnosis of acute bronchitis
    • Bronchodilators for bronchiolitis for infants with first-time wheezing
    • Can tests for inflammation help doctors decide whether to use antibiotics for airway infections?
    • Chest physiotherapy for acute bronchiolitis in children younger than two years of age
    • Chest physiotherapy for pneumonia in adults
    • Chest X-rays in acute chest infections
    • Chinese herbs combined with Western medicine for treating severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS)
    • Clinical symptoms and signs for the diagnosis of Mycoplasma pneumoniae in children and adolescents with community-acquired pneumonia
    • Comparing treatment of non-severe pneumonia, in children aged 2 to 59 months, with and without antibiotics
    • Continuous negative extrathoracic pressure or continuous positive airway pressure for children with acute respiratory failure and shortage of oxygen
    • Continuous positive airway pressure (CPAP) for acute bronchiolitis in children
    • Delayed antibiotic prescriptions for respiratory tract infections
    • Different antibiotics for community-acquired pneumonia in otherwise healthy children younger than 18 years of age in hospital and outpatient settings
    • Drugs to treat acute respiratory distress syndrome in adults
    • Elective (regular) versus symptomatic intravenous antibiotic therapy for cystic fibrosis
    • Embolisation therapy for pulmonary arteriovenous malformations
    • Glucocorticoids for acute viral bronchiolitis in infants and young children under two years of age
    • Heliox inhalation therapy for bronchiolitis in infants
    • High-frequency oscillation for the treatment of acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS)
    • Higher or lower levels of oxygen for adults admitted to the intensive care unit
    • Honey for acute cough in children
    • How accurate is chest ultrasonography compared to supine chest radiography for diagnosis of traumatic pneumothorax in the emergency department?
    • Inhaled corticosteroids for subacute cough in children
    • Interventions for the management of fluid around the lungs (pleural fluid) caused by cancer
    • Intravenous fluids compared to nasogastric or orogastric tube hydration for children hospitalised with bronchiolitis
    • Is treatment with corticosteroids beneficial and safe for people with pneumonia?
    • Is vitamin D an effective and safe addition to antibiotics for treating children with acute pneumonia?
    • Leukotriene inhibitors for bronchiolitis in infants and young children
    • Low blood oxygen levels versus normal blood oxygen levels in ventilated severely ill people
    • Observation alone versus drain tube or needle insertion (interventional) for primary spontaneous pneumothorax in adults without previous lung disease.
    • Over-the-counter medications to help reduce cough for children and adults on antibiotics for acute pneumonia
    • Oxygen therapy as part of the treatment for respiratory infections in children
    • Partial liquid ventilation for mechanical ventilation of severely ill children with acute lung injury and acute respiratory distress syndrome
    • Positioning for hospitalised infants and children with acute respiratory distress
    • Positive airway pressure for heart failure associated with central sleep apnoea
    • Probiotics for preventing ventilator-associated pneumonia
    • Prone (face-down) position for mechanical ventilation of adults with acute respiratory failure
    • Rapid viral testing for children in the Emergency Department with fever and respiratory symptoms
    • Recruitment manoeuvres as a ventilation strategy for adults with acute respiratory failure due to lung injury
    • Short-course versus long-course antibiotic treatment for hospital-acquired pneumonia in adult intensive care patients
    • Simple aspiration versus intercostal tube drainage for primary spontaneous pneumothorax in adults
    • Testing blood procalcitonin levels to decide when to start and stop antibiotics in adults with acute respiratory tract infections
    • The effectiveness of oxygen for adult patients with pneumonia
    • Treatment of the cough in whooping cough
    • Use of inhaled nitric oxide in patients with acute respiratory failure with low blood oxygen does not improve survival
    • Vitamin C for preventing and treating pneumonia
    • What are the benefits and risks of hypertonic saline solution via nebuliser for treating infants with acute bronchiolitis, compared to normal saline solution?
• MENTAL HEALTH (30)
  • DEPRESSION - ANXIETY (2)
    • Drugs to help reduce anxiety in people nearing the end of life due to illness
    • Medication for treating anxiety disorders in people with alcohol use problems
  • MENTAL HEALTH-OTHER (23)
    • Antidepressants for agitation and psychosis in dementia
    • Antipsychotic drugs for elderly people with late-onset schizophrenia
    • Aripiprazole alone or in combination with other drugs for treating the acute mania phase of bipolar disorder
    • Benzodiazepines alone or in combination with antipsychotic drugs for acute psychosis
    • Benzodiazepines for panic disorder in adults
    • Benzodiazepines for schizophrenia
    • Cognitive-behavioural treatments for non-cardiac chest pain
    • Crisis intervention for people with severe mental illnesses
    • Crisis interventions for people with borderline personality disorder
    • Do antipsychotic medicines reduce  agitated behaviour and psychotic symptoms in people with Alzheimer's disease and vascular dementia?
    • Haloperidol as a means of calming people who are aggressive or agitated due to psychosis
    • Haloperidol dose for the acute phase of schizophrenia
    • How effective is aripiprazole for calming people who are aggressive or agitated due to psychosis?
    • Intervention to prevent delirium for critically ill patients in the intensive care unit (ICU)
    • Interventions for preventing and reducing the use of physical restraints of older people in hospital
    • Medicines to treat delirium in critically ill adult patients
    • Melatonin to improve sleep in the intensive care unit
    • Opioids for agitation in dementia
    • Risperidone as a means of calming people who are aggressive or agitated due to psychosis
    • The use of benzodiazepines to treat adults with delirium, excluding patients being cared for in intensive care units (ICU)
    • Treatment of epilepsy for people with Alzheimer's disease
    • Treatments for delusional disorder
    • Valproate preparations for the treatment of agitated behaviour in people with dementia
  • POST-TRAUMATIC STRESS DISORDER (5)
    • Medication for posttraumatic stress disorder
    • Medicines for preventing post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD)
    • Multiple session early psychological interventions for prevention of post-traumatic stress disorder
    • Present-centered therapy (PCT) for post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) in adults
    • Psychological therapies for the treatment of post-traumatic stress disorder in children and adolescents
• NEUROLOGY (94)
  • EPILEPSY (13)
    • Anticonvulsant therapy for status epilepticus
    • Antiepileptic drugs versus no treatment or placebo for children with benign epilepsy with centro temporal spikes
    • Calcium antagonists as an add-on therapy for drug-resistant epilepsy
    • Clonazepam add-on therapy for drug-resistant epilepsy in adults and children
    • Drug management for acute tonic-clonic convulsions (fits), including convulsive status epilepticus in children
    • Immediate antiepileptic drug treatment, versus placebo, deferred, or no treatment for first unprovoked seizure
    • Ketogenic diets for drug-resistant epilepsy
    • Lamotrigine add-on therapy for drug-resistant focal epilepsy
    • Lamotrigine as add-on therapy for drug-resistant generalised tonic-clonic seizures
    • Phenobarbitone versus phenytoin monotherapy (single-drug treatment) for epilepsy
    • Prophylactic drug management for febrile seizures in children
    • Propofol versus thiopental sodium for the treatment of refractory status epilepticus (RSE)
    • Treatments to prevent Sudden Unexpected Death in Epilepsy (SUDEP)
  • MIGRAINE (13)
    • Aspirin with or without an antiemetic for acute migraine headaches in adults
    • Diclofenac with or without an antiemetic for acute migraine headaches in adults
    • Drugs for the acute treatment of migraine in children and adolescents
    • How effective are medicines used to treat attacks of vestibular migraine?
    • Ibuprofen with or without an antiemetic for acute migraine headaches in adults
    • Naproxen for acute migraine in adults
    • Normal pressure oxygen therapy and hyperbaric oxygen therapy for migraine and cluster headaches
    • Oral aspirin for treatment of acute episodic tension-type headache in adults
    • Paracetamol (acetaminophen) with or without an antiemetic for acute migraine in adults
    • Sumatriptan (oral route of administration) for acute migraine attacks in adults
    • Sumatriptan (subcutaneous route of administration) for acute migraine attacks in adults
    • Sumatriptan plus naproxen for acute migraine attacks in adults
    • Zolmitriptan for acute migraine attacks in adults
  • NEUROLOGY-OTHER (30)
    • Antibiotics for preventing meningococcal infections
    • Aspirin, steroid and non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs use for treating Alzheimer's disease
    • Baseline scores of Mini-Mental State examination (MMSE) for early prediction of developing dementia in people with mild cognitive impairments (MCI)
    • Betahistine for symptoms of vertigo
    • Corticosteroids for bacterial meningitis
    • Dopamine agents for hepatic encephalopathy
    • Drug treatment for pain in Guillain-Barré syndrome
    • Drug treatment other than corticosteroids, intravenous immunoglobulin and plasma exchange for acute Guillain Barré syndrome
    • Drugs for preventing headache after a lumbar puncture
    • Drugs for treating headache after a lumbar puncture
    • Endothelin receptor antagonists for subarachnoid hemorrhage
    • Fluids for people with acute bacterial meningitis
    • Gabapentin for chronic neuropathic pain in adults
    • High pressure (hyperbaric) oxygen therapy for Bell's palsy
    • Interventions to prevent delirium in hospitalised patients, not including those on intensive care units
    • Intravenous immunoglobulin for myasthenia gravis
    • Jolt accentuation of headache as a test for acute meningitis in emergency settings
    • Medical and surgical treatment for ocular myasthenia
    • Non-drug approaches for preventing delirium in adults receiving care in hospital outside of intensive care and high dependency units
    • Oral ibuprofen for acute treatment of episodic tension-type headache in adults
    • Oral ketoprofen for treatment of acute episodic tension-type headache in adults
    • Oral paracetamol for treatment of acute episodic tension-type headache in adults
    • Osmotic therapies added to antibiotics for acute bacterial meningitis
    • Paracetamol (acetaminophen) alone, or in combination with codeine or dihydrocodeine, for neuropathic pain in adults
    • Patch angioplasty versus primary closure for carotid endarterectomy
    • Plasma exchange for chronic inflammatory demyelinating polyradiculoneuropathy
    • Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs) and serotonin-norepinephrine reuptake inhibitors (SNRIs) for preventing tension-type headache
    • The use of computed tomography angiography (CTA) to confirm the clinical diagnosis of brain death
    • Treatments to help blood clotting to improve the recovery of adults with stroke due to bleeding in the brain
    • Triptans for acute cluster headache
  • STROKE AND TRANSIENT ISCHEMIC ATTACK (38)
    • Accuracy of prehospital stroke scales to identify people with stroke or transient ischemic attack (TIA)
    • Acupuncture for acute stroke
    • Antibiotic therapy for preventing infections in people with acute stroke
    • Antiepileptic drugs for the primary and secondary prevention of seizures after subarachnoid haemorrhage
    • Beta-blockers for preventing stroke recurrence
    • Buflomedil for acute ischaemic stroke
    • Calcium antagonists for acute ischemic stroke
    • Cerebrolysin for acute ischaemic stroke
    • Clot-dissolving drugs (different doses, routes of administration and agents) for breaking down a blood clot blocking a blood vessel in the brain
    • Clot-dissolving drugs for treating ischaemic stroke in the early stages
    • Computed tomography angiography or magnetic resonance angiography for detecting blood vessel abnormalities in patients with intracerebral haemorrhage
    • Continuous or intermittent monitoring of people with acute stroke
    • Controlling high blood sugar levels with insulin in people who have had an acute ischaemic stroke
    • Does the type of anaesthesia for recanalisation therapies for acute ischaemic stroke affect patient outcomes?
    • Drug interventions for deliberately altering blood pressure in acute stroke
    • Drugs for reducing iron in people with acute stroke
    • Early treatment with blood-thinning drugs for people who have had a stroke
    • Early versus delayed mobilisation to prevent further bleeding after spontaneous bleeding on the surface of the brain
    • Endovascular therapy versus conventional medical treatment for symptomatic intracranial artery stenosis
    • External counterpulsation for acute ischaemic stroke
    • Fibrinogen depleting agents may help to remove blood clots in acute ischaemic stroke
    • Gamma aminobutyric acid (GABA) receptor agonists for acute stroke
    • Glycoprotein IIb-IIIa inhibitors for acute ischaemic stroke
    • Haemodilution for acute ischaemic stroke
    • Hyperbaric oxygen therapy for treating people with acute ischaemic stroke
    • Mailuoning (a type of traditional Chinese medicine) for improving outcome in people with acute ischaemic stroke
    • Non-pharmacological interventions for preventing secondary vascular events after stroke or transient attack
    • Oral antiplatelet therapy for acute ischaemic stroke
    • Organised inpatient (stroke unit) care
    • Piracetam for acute ischaemic stroke
    • Recanalisation therapies for wake-up stroke
    • Surgical decompression for cerebral oedema in acute ischaemic stroke
    • Swallowing therapy for difficulties with swallowing in stroke survivors who have had a recent stroke
    • Transcranial colour Doppler (TCD) and transcranial colour-coded duplex (TCCD), in patients with acute ischaemic stroke for detecting intracranial vessel occlusion or stenosis
    • Treatments through the artery versus clot-dissolving drugs for the early treatment of stroke
    • Ultrasound (high-frequency sound waves) plus a clot-busting drug for  breaking down a blood clot blocking a blood vessel in the brain
    • Use of multiple versus fewer antiplatelet drugs for preventing early recurrence after stroke or transient ischaemic attack
    • Which types of blood-thinning drugs (anticoagulants) are best to prevent blood clots in people soon after stroke?
• OPHTALMOLOGY (8)
  • Corticosteroid eye drops used in addition to standard antibiotic therapy in the treatment of bacterial keratitis
  • Interventions for an acute internal hordeolum
  • Medical treatment for traumatic hyphema
  • Steroids in the treatment of traumatic optic neuropathy
  • Topical non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) for the treatment of pain in traumatic corneal abrasions
  • Treatments for acute central retinal artery occlusion (blockage of the blood supply to the retina of the eye)
  • Valacyclovir compared with acyclovir for the treatment of herpes zoster ophthalmicus in people with an otherwise normal immune system
  • What are the benefits and harms of antibiotics for acute bacterial conjunctivitis?
• PEDIATRICS (15)
  • Alternating and combined antipyretics for treatment of fever in children
  • Best position for newborns who need assisted ventilation
  • Beta-blockers for children with congestive heart failure
  • Can breathing support using continuous positive airway pressure (CPAP), given within the first hour of life, prevent death and illness in premature babies?
  • Chest physiotherapy for acute bronchiolitis in children younger than two years of age
  • Continuous positive airways pressure for respiratory distress in preterm infants
  • Cuffed versus uncuffed endotracheal tubes for neonates
  • Early versus delayed initiation of continuous positive airway pressure (CPAP) for respiratory distress in preterm infants
  • High-flow nasal cannula (tube) oxygen therapy for infants with bronchiolitis
  • Opioids for managing pain in babies exposed to painful procedures
  • Probiotics for the management of functional abdominal pain disorders in children
  • Racecadotril to treat children under five years of age with acute diarrhoea
  • The aspiration of pneumothorax in the newborn with a small needle compared to a larger tube placed through the intercostal space
  • Using corticosteroids to treat Kawasaki disease
  • What are the benefits and risks of hypertonic saline solution via nebuliser for treating infants with acute bronchiolitis, compared to normal saline solution?
• RHEUMATOLOGY - NON TRAUMATIC OSTEO ARTICULAR PATHOLOGIES - MUSCULOSKELETEL DISORDERS (28)
  • Anti-inflammatory drugs for acute low back pain
  • Back schools for acute and subacute non-specific low-back pain
  • Can tests for inflammation help doctors decide whether to use antibiotics for airway infections?
  • Colchicine for treating acute gout flares
  • Cold-water immersion for preventing and treating muscle soreness after exercise
  • Corticosteroids for chronic inflammatory demyelinating polyradiculoneuropathy
  • Corticosteroids for Guillain-Barré syndrome
  • Deep transverse friction massage for the treatment of lateral elbow or lateral knee tendinitis
  • Diagnostic tests for assessing rotator cuff tears in people with shoulder pain for whom surgery is being considered
  • Exercise for Neck Pain
  • Image-guided versus blind glucocorticoid injection for shoulder pain
  • Interleukin-1 inhibitors for acute gout
  • Intravenous immunoglobulin for Guillain-Barré syndrome
  • Local steroid injection for carpal tunnel syndrome
  • Manipulation and mobilisation for neck disorders
  • Muscle energy technique (MET) for non-specific low-back pain
  • Non-pharmacological and non-surgical treatments for low back pain in adults: an overview of Cochrane Reviews
  • Non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) for acute gout
  • Non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) for treating tennis elbow pain in adults
  • Non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs for low back pain with sciatica
  • Pain in patients with inflammatory arthritis and gastrointestinal or liver problems
  • Paracetamol for low back pain
  • Paracetamol for treating people with hip or knee osteoarthritis
  • Patient education for neck pain
  • Physician use of red flags to screen for cancer in patients with new back pain
  • Physician use of red flags to screen for fractured vertebrae for patients with new back pain
  • Plasma exchange for Guillain-Barré syndrome
  • Systemic corticosteroids for radicular and non-radicular low back pain
• SKIN AND ALLERGY (10)
  • Adrenaline auto-injectors for the treatment of anaphylaxis in the community
  • Antibiotic drugs for treating skin and soft tissue infections
  • Effects of antihistamines on eczema
  • Glucocorticoids for the treatment of anaphylaxis  
  • H1-antihistamines for chronic spontaneous urticaria
  • Helminth therapy (worms) for allergic rhinitis
  • Histamine-blocking drugs for hives
  • Ivermectin and permethrin for treating scabies
  • Using oxygen at high pressure (in a compression chamber) for the treatment of individuals with severe soft tissue infection (necrotizing fasciitis)
  • What are the benefits and risks of different treatments for bacterial folliculitis and boils (inflammation of the skin around hairs)?
• TECHNICAL PROCEDURES (43)
  • INTUBATION AND VENTILATION (17)
    • Comparison of different techniques for planned opening of the trachea
    • Comparison of video-assisted and non-video-assisted devices for intubation of children
    • Cuffed versus uncuffed tubes in children aged eight years and under, having general anaesthetic
    • Do ventilators that manage the reduction of ventilator support (weaning) reduce the duration of weaning compared to strategies managed by clinicians?
    • Do video-assisted instruments for inserting breathing tubes in adults work better than direct-view instruments and do they cause unwanted effects?
    • Does the placement of a breathing tube using video assistance (videolaryngoscopy) increase the success and safety of the procedure in newborn babies?
    • Drugs for preventing major morbidity and mortality related to blood pressure and heart rate changes associated with tracheal intubation
    • Effect of applying cricoid pressure during rapid sequence induction of general anaesthesia
    • Effects of higher versus lower levels of pressure in the lungs at the end of each breath during mechanical ventilation in patients with acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS)
    • High-flow nasal cannulae for breathing support in adult intensive care patients
    • Intubation methods for obese patients requiring general anaesthesia
    • Laryngeal mask airway versus bag-mask ventilation or endotracheal intubation for neonatal resuscitation
    • Methods for securing endotracheal tubes in newborn infants
    • Nasal high flow therapy for breathing support in preterm babies
    • SmartCare™ versus non-automated weaning strategies for weaning time in invasively ventilated critically ill adults
    • Synchronised mechanical ventilation for respiratory support in newborn infants
    • Use of noninvasive ventilation (a mask ventilator) holds promise as a method to make it easier to remove adults from conventional ventilators.
  • TECHNICAL PROCEDURES-OTHER (22)
    • Anaesthetic drugs for cardioversion
    • Antibiotics at the time of removal of a central line to reduce complications in newborn infants
    • Body position and intake of fluids for preventing headache after a lumbar puncture
    • Central venous catheter coating with antiseptics or antibiotics for reducing catheter-related infections in adults
    • Comparison of the different ways of giving fluids to patients who cannot drink enough, such as patients with Ebola virus disease
    • Devices with safety features for preventing percutaneous exposure injuries in healthcare staff
    • Does the speed of injection make a difference in the amount of pain and bruising in people receiving heparin injections?
    • Dressings and securement for central venous catheters (CVCs)
    • How often should dressings on central venous access devices (CVADs) be changed to reduce catheter-related infection?
    • Hyperbaric oxygen therapy for acute surgical and traumatic wounds
    • Lateral positioning for critically ill adult patients
    • Loop diuretics for patients receiving blood transfusions
    • Needle characteristics that reduce the occurrence of post-dural puncture headache (PDPH)
    • Plasma transfusion strategies for critically ill patients
    • Psychological strategies to reduce pain and distress for children and adolescents getting needles
    • Radial artery versus femoral artery approach for performing coronary catheter procedures in people with coronary artery disease
    • Replacing a peripheral venous catheter when clinically indicated versus routine replacement
    • Skin antisepsis for reducing central venous catheter-related infections
    • Topical treatment with a blood-clot promoting drug to reduce bleeding
    • Use of adrenaline with lidocaine for surgery on fingers and toes
    • Use of capnography in emergency department patients being sedated for procedures
    • Use of platelet transfusions prior to a lumbar puncture or epidural anaesthetic in people with a low platelet count
  • ULTRASOUND (4)
    • Ultrasound guidance versus anatomical landmarks for internal jugular vein catheterization
    • Ultrasound guidance versus anatomical landmarks for subclavian or femoral vein catheterization
    • Ultrasound to guide arterial (other than femoral) punctures and cannulation in adults
    • Ultrasound use for insertion of arterial catheters in children
• TOBACCO, DRUGS AND ALCOHOL DEPENDENCE - ENVIRONMENTAL EMERGENCIES (11)
  • ENVIRONMENTAL EMERGENCIES (3)
    • Electric fans for reducing the health effects of heatwaves
    • Snake antivenoms for treating people who have been bitten by a snake, and have developed abnormal blood clotting
    • What are the benefits and risks of treating paraquat poisoning with a combination of steroids and cyclophosphamide (an anti-cancer medicine)?
  • TOBACCO, DRUGS AND ALCOHOL DEPENDENCE (8)
    • Alcohol has a biphasic effect on blood pressure and increases heart rate
    • Baclofen for alcohol withdrawal syndrome
    • Buprenorphine for managing opioid withdrawal
    • Effects of perioperative alcohol cessation interventions on postoperative complications following surgery
    • Interventions for paracetamol (acetaminophen) overdose
    • Magnesium for the prevention or treatment of alcohol withdrawal syndrome in adults
    • Motivational interviewing (MI) for preventing alcohol misuse in young adults is not effective enough
    • Thiamine for prevention and treatment of Wernicke-Korsakoff syndrome in people who abuse alcohol
• TRAUMATOLOGY (83)
  • BLEEDING (5)
    • Blood-clot promoting drugs for acute traumatic injury
    • Platelet transfusions treated to reduce transfusion-transmitted infections for the prevention of bleeding in people with low platelet counts
    • Recombinant factor VIIa for the prevention and treatment of bleeding in patients without haemophilia
    • TEG and ROTEM for diagnosing trauma‑induced coagulopathy (disorder of the clotting system) in adult trauma patients with bleeding
    • Varying the timing or the volume of intravenous fluids given to people with uncontrolled bleeding due to injury
  • BURNS (6)
    • Antibiotics to prevent burn wounds becoming infected
    • Antiseptics for Burns
    • Dressings for treating superficial and partial thickness burns
    • Interventions for treating phosphorus burns
    • Lidocaine for pain relief in people with burns
    • Topical treatment for facial burns
  • FRACTURES (30)
    • Antibiotics to prevent infection of the brain coverings (meningitis) in patients with basilar skull fracture
    • Aspiration of the elbow joint for treating radial head fractures
    • Comparing different types of scan (CT, MRI, bone scan) for diagnosis of clinically suspected scaphoid fractures, when initial radiographs are negative
    • Conservative interventions for shaft fractures of the forearm bones in children
    • Do local anaesthetic nerve blocks provide effective pain relief for adults with a hip fracture?
    • Fixation devices secured across the fracture that are placed either directly or externally for treating hip fractures located outside the hip joint
    • Hip replacement surgery in adults
    • Interventions for treating adults with an isolated fracture of the ulnar shaft
    • Intramedullary nails for extracapsular hip fractures in adults
    • Nerve blocks for initial pain management of thigh bone fractures in children
    • Non-surgical interventions for treating a broken collarbone in adolescents and adults
    • Optimization of fluid levels in people suffering hip fractures
    • Pedicle screw fixation methods for traumatic fractures of the thoracic and lumbar spine
    • Rehabilitation as part of treatment for adults with a broken wrist
    • Surgery or non-surgical treatments: which works better to treat people who have a dislocated knee cap?
    • Surgical interventions for treating fractures of the olecranon (an elbow bone) in adults
    • Surgical interventions for treating radial head fractures in adults
    • Surgical versus conservative for treatment for acromioclavicular dislocations of the shoulder in adults
    • Surgical versus conservative interventions for treating broken collarbones in adolescents and adults
    • Surgical versus conservative treatment for ankle fractures in adults
    • Surgical versus non-surgical interventions for treating humeral shaft fractures in adults
    • Surgical versus non-surgical treatment for thoracolumbar burst fractures without neurological deficit
    • Treatments for breaks in the lower part of the thigh bone in adults
    • Treatments for broken ankles in children
    • Treatments for broken kneecaps in adults
    • Ultrasound and shockwave treatment for recently broken bones in adults
    • Using oxygen at high pressure (in a compression chamber) for the treatment of broken bones
    • What are the benefits and risks of treating broken heel bones with or without an operation?
    • What are the best ways of treating adults with a fractured (broken) shoulder?
    • Which approaches help with recovery after a broken ankle in adults?
  • HEAD TRAUMA (9)
    • Acupuncture for acute management and rehabilitation of traumatic brain injury
    • Barbiturate drugs for people with traumatic brain injury
    • Concentrated salt solution versus other treatments to lower pressure around the brain for people with acute traumatic brain injury
    • Does hyperbaric oxygen therapy improve the survival and quality of life in patients with traumatic brain injury?
    • Elevation of the head during intensive care management in people with severe traumatic brain injury
    • Hypothermia (body temperature cooling) for people with an injury to the brain
    • Partial removal of skull (decompressive craniectomy) to lower treatment-resistant high pressure in the skull and brain after traumatic brain injury
    • Progesterone for traumatic brain injury
    • The Lund concept in the treatment of brain injuries
  • TRAUMATOLOGY-OTHER (26)
    • Acupuncture for sudden-onset ankle sprains in adults
    • Advanced training in trauma life support for ambulance crews
    • Advanced training in trauma life support for hospital staff
    • Antibiotics for injuries to the abdomen that break through the skin: which antibiotics are effective, and for how long should they be taken?
    • Clinical tools for detecting cervical spine injury (CSI) in children with injuries
    • Different methods of manipulation for reducing pulled elbow in young children
    • How accurate is bedside ultrasound for the diagnosis of injuries to the abdomen or chest in patients with blunt injuries?
    • Interventions for treating acute elbow dislocations in adults
    • Is surgery or observation better for people who have a severe blunt injury to the liver?
    • Low molecular weight heparin for prevention of venous thromboembolism in adults with lower-limb immobilization in an outpatient setting
    • Non-surgical management after non-surgical repositioning of traumatic anterior dislocation of the shoulder
    • Oral non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs compared with other oral pain killers for sprains, strains and bruises
    • Platelet-rich therapies for musculoskeletal soft tissue injuries
    • Regular or selected use of computed tomography (CT) scanning to reduce deaths in people who have a high-energy blunt-traumatic injury
    • Rehabilitation following an injury to the hamstring in adults
    • Should prophylactic antibiotics be used in patients with penetrating abdominal trauma?
    • Splints and other non-surgical methods for treating common injuries of the middle joints of the fingers
    • Steroids for acute spinal cord injury
    • Surgery for unstable trauma patients
    • Surgery or non-surgical treatments: which works better to treat people who have a dislocated knee cap?
    • Surgery versus observation for people with abdominal injury
    • Surgical approaches for dislocations of the neck bones
    • Surgical versus conservative interventions for treating anterior cruciate ligament injuries
    • Treatment of severe blunt pancreatic lesions in children
    • Treatments for fingertip entrapment injuries in children
    • Using ultrasound to aid diagnosis of patients with a 'blunt' injury to the abdomen
  • WOUNDS (7)
    • Dressings for the prevention of surgical site infection
    • Honey as a topical treatment for acute and chronic wounds
    • Immediate closure or delayed closure for treating traumatic wounds in the first 24 hours following injury
    • Is there a best way to remove dead tissue from surgical wounds?
    • Primary closure (immediate stitches) versus delayed closure (delayed stitches) or no closure (no stitches) for traumatic wounds due to mammalian bite
    • The effects of water compared with other solutions for wound cleansing
    • Tissue adhesives for closure of surgical skin incisions
• UROLOGY AND KIDNEY DISEASES (17)
  • KIDNEY DISEASES (5)
    • Are anti-blood clotting drugs beneficial for people with chronic kidney disease?
    • Hydroxyethyl starch (HES) versus other fluid therapies: effects on kidney function
    • Is sodium bicarbonate therapy helpful for people with acute kidney problems?
    • Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs are effective treatment for acute renal colic
    • Timing of initiation of kidney replacement therapy (dialysis) for acute kidney injury
  • UROLOGY (12)
    • Alpha-blockers for ureteral stones in adult patients with symptoms of stone disease
    • Antibiotic prophylaxis for short-term catheter bladder drainage in adults
    • Antibiotic treatment for asymptomatic bacteriuria
    • Antibiotics for lower urinary tract infection in children
    • Fluids and diuretics for treating acute ureteric colic
    • Increased water intake for preventing urinary stones
    • Procalcitonin, C-reactive protein, and erythrocyte sedimentation rate for the diagnosis of acute pyelonephritis in children
    • Screening with urinary dipsticks for reducing morbidity and mortality
    • Types of urethral catheters for management of short-term voiding problems in hospitalised adults
    • Urinary alkalisation for uncomplicated urinary tract infections
    • Urinary catheter policies for long-term bladder drainage
    • Which route of short-term bladder drainage is best for adults in hospital?